1. Contrastive linguistics

1.Contrastive linguistics- is a practice-oriented linguistic approach that seeks to describe the differences and similarities between a pair of languages (hence it is occasionally called "differential linguistics").
2. Sociolinguistics­­­  is the descriptive study of the effect of any or all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and society's effect on language. It can overlap with the sociology of language, which focuses on the effect of language on society. Sociolinguistics overlaps considerably with pragmatics and is closely related to linguistic anthropology.
3. Psycholinguistics is the discipline that investigates and describes the psychological processes that make it possible for humans to master and use language
4. Text linguistics is a branch of linguistics that deals with texts as communication systems.
5. Semiotics is the study of the use of symbolic communication. Semiotics can include signs, logos, gestures and other linguistic and nonlinguistic communication methods. As a word, semiotics derives from the Greek sēmeiōtikós, which describes the action of interpreting signs.
6. Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning.
7. Intentionality is the power of minds to be about something: to represent or to stand for things, properties and states of affairs.
8. Acceptability is the characteristic of a thing being subject to acceptance for some purpose.
9. "Omission means dropping a word or words from the SLT while translating
10. Compensation is the complex replacement by means of which theom information lost in one place of the SL text is rendered in another and quite often by different units in the TL text.
11. Transcription/Transliteration- is used, when we reproduce each phoneme letter of the SL by means of phonemes or letters of the TL.
12. Word-for-word translation- when we reproduce not the phonetic structure but elements of the word-for-word combination when components of the combination are translated by respective elements of TL.
13. Machine translation performs simple substitution of words in one language for words in another, but that alone usually cannot produce a good translation of a text because recognition of whole phrases and their closest counterparts in the target language is needed.
14 Mixed translation combines the traditional translation techniques with the machine translation.
15. Model is a conventional representation of the translating process describing mental operations by which the ST or some part of it may be translated, irrespective of whether these operations are actually performed by the translator.