1. History of medicine Diseases of human

Diseases

CONTENTS

1.History of medicine
2.Diseases of human
3.Review of diseases
4.AIDS - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
5.Bronchitis

DISEASES

History of Medicine
Beginning of medicine are dated to 500,000 BC. Ancestors of man was protecting himself against diseases by non-realised intervention. It was primitive medicine. Homo sapiens, who lived 100,000 years ago, in medicine made use of natural sources. Simultaneously they formed visions about good and bad ghosts. This was explanation of reason of diseases, recovers and death. It was magic medicine.
In ancient Greece, Asclepius (12th century BC) was up-graded to God of medicine. Also Hypocrites (460 - 377 BC), the Father of medicine grow up in Greece. He defended material base of function of human body. He formed basis of medical morality. His follower was Galleons (129 - 200 AD). Knowledge about body he got by dissecting of animals.
In 16th century AD, lived one of most famous doctors, Ján Jessenius (1566-1621) from Veľký Jasen. In 1600 AD, he did the first communal dissection. In that times, people's medicine spread in Slovakia. In 1770 Medical faculty was established in Trnava by Mária-Terézia, which was removed to Budín in 1777.
In 19th century, hard diseases occurs within Slovakia : Smallpox, cholera and scarlet. Progress of medicine on the beginning of 20th century we can see on hygienic conditions of people. Average age risen from 35 to 55 years, infant mortality decreased, infective diseases stopped spreading.
Diseases of human
In individual development of human we understand a lot of shape and physiological changes, which passes since the moment of conciderence of sex cells to death of human. Organisms matures and dies naturally or as a result of bad influence of outer environments. Human body is consists of different building elements joined together. It remains of about 30 billions of cells. Human organism make association with environment, which it lives in. Outer environment offers conditions for life (oxygen, nutriments) and receives excretes of digestion. When these relations are corrupted, failure in activity of organs and organisms appear. The first anomalies can be formed by heredity. Human always thought about similarity of members of one family. Gene is basic functional element of heredity. Its main component is DNA (desoxyribonuklic acid)-bearer of genetic information. Damage of DNA (mutation) may occur, and chromosomal anomalies are formed.
Genetic diseases human bring into universe in form of visible or hidden disease.
1. Diseases with simple heredity - only one gene is damaged.
2. Chromosomal anomalies - excess chromosome - Down syndrome.
3. More damaged genes
By social influences and latest knowledge of science also type of disease is changing. The number of chronical diseases, cardiovascular diseases and cancer increase.
REVIEW OF DISEASES
Children diseases :
•diseases of development of central nervous system
•diseases of development of digestive system
•diseases of development of genitals
•diseases of new-borns (hepatitis)
•diseases of skin (tetter)
•diseases of respiratory organs (bronchitis)
•diseases of digestive organs
Inner diseases :
•diseases from bad nourishment (obesity)
•diseases of material change (diabetis mellitus)
•diseases of glands with inner secretion
•diseases hypophysis (pygmy)
•diseases of thyroid (cancer of thyroid)
•diseases of up-kidneys (Addison´s disease)
•blood diseases ( anaemia, leukaemia)
•cardiovascular diseases (myocardinal infarction)
•diseases of vessels (high vascular pressure)
•diseases of respiratory organs (pneumonia)
•diseases of digestive organs (stomach ache, appendicitis)
Surgery :
•inflammations - dermatine and subcutaneous
•inflammation of vessels
•inflammation of joints
•malignant and belignant tumour
•inborn defects
•injuries
•special surgery (fracture of nose, fractured ribs)
•injuries of brain, spinal cord and nerves
Gynaecology :
•sterility
•tumour of women's genitals
•inflammation of uterus (womb)-mertritis
Face-ache :
•headache
•megrim
•arteriosclerosis
•epilepsis
•croup-pain
•injury of facial nerve
Psychology and psychiatry
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Infection diseases : virus infection, bacterial infection and musty infections
Diseases of teeth, mouth and jaws : (plague, decay, gum disease)
Eye diseases : (inflammation of eye)
Diseases of nose, ear and neck : (inflammation of nasal cavity)
Skin diseases
Tumour diseases
Screws diseases
There are a lot of diseases. In following pages I want to show you description of some of them, which were interesting for me.
AIDS - Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(see picture of AIDS)
AIDS is caused by the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). AIDS is the final and most serious stage of HIV disease . It is characterised by signs and symptoms of severe immune deficiency. AIDS stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Causes, Incidence and Risk Factors :
This virus attacks the immune system and leaves the body vulnerable to a variety of life-threatening illnesses. These illnesses are often caused by common bacteria, yeast, and viruses that ordinarily do not cause disease. HIV has been found in blood, semen, saliva, tears, nervous system tissue, breast milk, and female genital tract secretions. Transmission of the virus occurs through sexual contact including oral, vaginal, and anal sex; via blood through transfusions or needle sharing; and from a pregnant women to the foetus or a nursing mother to her baby. Rare : accidental needle injury, artificial insemination through donated semen, and kidney transplantation through the donated kidney.
The infection is NOT spread by casual contact such as hugging and touching, by inanimate objects such as dishes or toilet seats, or by mosquitoes. It is not transmitted TO a person who donates blood or who donates e.g.: kidney for transplantation.AIDS is preceded by HIV infection which may produce no symptoms for up to 10 years before a person is diagnosed with AIDS. Acute HIV infection progresses over time to asymptomatic HIV infection and later, to advanced HIV diseases or AIDS. It is suspected that all persons infected with HIV will, given enough time, progress to AIDS; this theory has not been definitively proven.Estimates show more than 500,000 cases of AIDS in the world. The CDC reports that 2,200,000 (2.2 million) Americans now carry the HIV virus (but are not yet symptomatic).
High risk groups include homosexual or bisexual men, intravenous drug users who share needles, the sexual partners of those in high risk groups, infants born to mothers with HIV, and persons who received blood transfusions or clotting products between 1977 and 1985.
Symptoms :
Prolonged, unexplained fatigue, swollen glands (lymph nodes),fever lasting more than 10 days, chills, excessive sweating especially night sweats, mouth lesions including yeast lesions and painful, swollen gums, sore throat, cough, shortness of breath, changes in bowel habits including constipation, frequent diarrhoea, symptoms of a specific opportunistic infection (such as candida, pneumocystis, and so on), tumour (Kaposi sarcoma), skin rashes or lesions of various types, unintentional weight loss, general discomfort or uneasiness (malaise),headache.
Expectations (Prognosis) :
AIDS has proved to be a universally fatal illness. Few patients survive 5 years following diagnosis. The average time from diagnosis of AIDS to death is 18 to 24 months although this is increasing with improvements in treatment techniques. Research continues in drug treatments for AIDS and vaccine development.
Prevention of AIDS requires self-discipline and strength of character. The requirements often seem personally restrictive but they are effective and can save lives.
1. Do not have sexual intercourse with: people known or suspected to be infected with AIDS; multiple partners; a person who has multiple partners; people who use IV drugs
2. Do not use intravenous drugs.
3. People with AIDS or asymptomatic individuals who have a positive antibody test may pass the disease on to others and should not donate blood, plasma, body organs, or sperm.
4. HIV positive women should be counselled before becoming pregnant about the risk to their infant and medical advances which may help prevent the foetus from becoming infected.
5. HIV positive women should not breast feed their infant.
Safer sex behaviours may reduce the risk of acquiring the infection. There remains a risk of acquiring the infection even with the use of condoms. Abstinence is the only sure way to prevent sexual transmission of the virus.
Bronchitis
( see Pictures of Bronchitis)
Prevention: live healthy lifestyle, eat healthy food – vegetables, fruit, have a lot of vitamins, do some sport, breath fresh air, keep hygienic laws, avoid stress. Prevention is better than cure. Our food must contain proteins, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins, roughage and minerals.
Sometimes we don´t feel well and we´re ill. Many people, especially in autumn, winter, and early spring, suffer from colds. They have a cough, a fever or a headache. If your illness is light (e.g. cold), we can cure it by drinking tea with lemon and honey or having a plenty of cool drinks (2-3 liters a day), and eating lots of fruit containing vitamin C. You should also stay indoors and keep from other people as much as possible. If we have a high fever, we should go to the doctor.
Our medicine chest should contain clinical thermometer, pills, capsules, ointments, cotton wool, bandages, adhesive plasters and disinfectants.
Definition :
An inflammation of the bronchi, the main air passages to the lungs.
Causes, Incidence and Risk Factors :
Acute bronchitis generally follows a viral respiratory infection. The viral infection produces bronchial inflammation which sets the stage for bronchitis and secondary bacterial infection. Chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition of excessive bronchial mucus with a productive cough. Chronic bronchitis is also known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cigarette smoking (active and passive exposure) is the chief cause of this disease. Factors that make it worse include air pollution, infection, familial factors, and allergies. The severity of the disease relates to the amount and duration of smoking. Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma as a group are the fifth leading cause of death in the US. The incidence is 2 out of 100 people.
Symptoms :
Cough that produces mucus (sputum), may be blood streaked, shortness of breath aggravated by exertion or mild activity, frequent respiratory, infections (such as colds), wheezing, fatigue; ankle, feet, and leg swelling, that affects both sides; reddish face, palms, or mucous membranes (such as the inside of the mouth), reddish cheeks, headaches, vision abnormalities.
Signs And Tests :
Abnormal breath sounds, pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas, chest X-ray.
Treatment :
Treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms and preventing complications. Smoking and all other respiratory irritants should be avoided. Antibiotics are prescribed for infections, as needed. Respiratory treatments including nebulizers and postural drainage facilitate the removal of thick mucus from the airways. Home oxygen therapy, physical exercise programs, breathing exercises, and patient education programs all contribute to the treatment plan.
Expectations (Prognosis) :
The chance for recovery is poor for advanced disease. Early recognition and treatment combined with smoking cessation improves the chance of a good outcome significantly.
Complications :
Acute bronchitis, pneumonia, cor pulmonale, emphysema.
Prevention :
Early recognition and treatment of small airway disease in people who smoke, combined with smoking cessation, may prevent the progression of the disease.
A Disease A disease is an abnormality of the body or mind that causes discomfort, dysfunction, distress, or death to the infected person. The term is sometimes used generally to include injuries, disabilities, infections, symptoms. Causes of disease A disease can be caused by many things. Many diseases are caused by infection. Infection is when another organism gets into your body and causes harm. There are many kinds of infectious agents: viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungus. These four kinds of infectious agents cause most infectious disease. However, there are other kinds. For example mad cow disease is caused by prions. We are not even sure that prions are alive. But they act just like other infectious diseases. Disease can also be caused by eating spoiled foods. Some people are born with genetic diseases.
These are diseases because of a mistake in a person's DNA. Living or working in an unhealthy environment can also be a cause for diseases. Diseases are more common for older people. Bacteria Bacteria (one bacterium) are very small organisms. They are so tiny they can be only seen with a microscope. Bacteria are formed with very few cells. Many of them have only one cell. Bacteria are ones of the oldest living organisms on the Earth. There are more bacteria than any other living organism on the planet. Most bacteria live in the ground or in water, and many live inside of other living organisms. Some bacteria can cause diseases in other organisms, but others are helpful in everyday activities like eating, producing food and producing oxygen. Viruses A virus is a small particle that can infect other organisms. They are generally seen as being between living organisms and inanimate nature, as they do not show all characteristics of living organisms. Viruses are much smaller than bacteria.
They can only be seen with an electron microscope. A virus has a simple structure. It has no internal cellular structure, no cell wall or cell membrane. Viruses can live only inside the cells of living organisms, called host cells. Therefore, they are parasites. Viruses are too small to be seen by conventional light microscopes. When a hidden virus attaches to a host cell and injects its genetic material, the genetic material becomes a part of the cells genetic material and may remain hidden for long periods of time until the virus becomes active. Prevention of disease Some diseases that are common or very bad are tested for even in people who are healthy. If these diseases are found early they can be treated before they cause problems. Treatments of disease Most of diseases can be healed with medicine or by surgery. However, not every disease can be helped with medicine or surgery. Some diseases must be treated for your whole life. Good example is diabetes. Diabetes can be made better, but it can not yet be cured.