1. linguistic typology

B. Race Variation.
In the United States, the white have often used naming and addressing practice to put blacks in their place. Hence the odious use of “Boy” to address the blacks is well-known, as is shown in the following example:
(4) A black physician, Dr. Poussaint, was stopped by a white policeman in a southern town in the United States and was questioned:
“What’s your name, boy?”
“Doc. Poussaint, I’m a physician.”
“What’s your name, boy?”
“Alvin”.
In this conversation, the policeman insulted Doc. Poussaint three times. For two times he used the racial discriminating address form “boy”, another was that he was not satisfied with the physician’s answer “Doc. Poussaint” and continued to ask the “name” of the physician. By being addressed “boy”, Doc. Poussaint experienced a feeling of “profound humiliation”.
2. FORMS OF ADDRESS TO MEN IN UZBEK
The linguistic situation in the Republic of Uzbekistan after the break-up of the former Soviet Union is characterized by the broad usage of the titular nation language as the chief mean of communication. After the declaration of the national status of the Uzbek language, its prestige in the republic, as well as in the international scale, rose because, being the language of the titular nation, it had to function as the main instrument of communication; be a tool for consolidation of social, economic and cultural relations inside the new independent state; and be used in the united administrative system and all the other state institutions.
The raising of the status of the Uzbek language to the level of the state language drew attention to the prospects of its development and functioning. A state policy directed at the stabilization of the new situation caused by the fulfillment of the law on the state language has yet to be worked out. Thus, there is a need in the short time for the creation, approval, introduction and stabilization of new terminology, the development of the educational system, standardization of the language, creation of special scientific works regarding different aspects of the language.
It is known, that on 2 September1993 the Law on the introduction of Uzbek alphabet based on Latin script was adopted. The teaching on the Latin script in schools began during the last years. Other measures directed to the gradual introduction of the new script system had to be fulfilled as well. Uzbek male personal names must be written in the accordance with the new rules. Unfortunately, some difficulties in this regard are existing, because the recommended alphabet was already twice changed. Whereas in the variant of 1993 it contained 31 letters and 1 apostrophe, the current (but, in my opinion, not the final) variant consists of 26 letters and 3 clusters of letters.
Before the advent of Soviet rule, a man's surname was formed by suffixing -ughli (his son), -i (his), or -zoda (descendant) to the father's given name. Thus the names Karim MURATUGHLI, Karim MURATI, or Karim MURATZODA would indicate that Karim is the son of Murat. Such naming practices occur occa­sionally at the present time.
Uzbek masculine surnames following the Russian use end in ov ,ev, or yev, and feminine surnames usually end in ova, eva, or yeva. Today a man or woman will carry as a surname the given name of the father to which is appended one of the above suffixes. Take, for example, Karim AHMEDOV. Ahmed is the given name of Karim's father Ahmed ALIEV (ALIYEV). In turn, Ali is the given name of Ahmed's father, the grandfather of Karim. Other examples: Salim KARIMOV (masculine) and Zulfiya KARIMOVA (feminine).
Very recently, some people (principally party and government leaders) have begun to use patronymics, for example, Karim Sharafovich RASHIDOV. Karim has the patronymic Sharafovich and the surname RASHIDOV.
Masculine given names generally end in a con­sonant but there are a few
terminating in -a or -i.
Examples:
Bakir Abdullah
Fattah Musa
Ghulam Shukrulla
Nurmat Holi
Sattar Soli
Yusuf Vali
Names in the fourth category, i.e., those used by both sexes, often have the following suffix spellings to differentiate the masculine from the feminine: qul, jon (zhon). And boy (boi) for masculine names and qul, khon, and oi (oy) for feminine names. Examples:
Men’s Women’s
Onar (boy) Onar (khon)
Kimsan (jon) Kimsan (khon)
Tohta (qul) Tohta (gul)
Tursan (boy) Tursan (oy)
Hamra (qul) Hamra (khon)
Ulfat (jon) Ulfat (khon)
Also, some clearly masculine names may carry one of the following suffixes: Ahmad + boy ("boy" = rich man). It may be added to a masculine given name to indicate respect or courtesy. Ahmad + Jon (Jon = soul). It is used in a respectful or endearing sense. Also, older people may address youngsters by jon (zhon).
Karim + qul ("qul" = slave). Karim is one of many names for God; others include Rahim and Egam. Added to these given names "qul" means "servant of God." It is, also, occasionally found as part of a masculine given name, e.g., Ikramkhon.
Nicknames may be a part of the given name or a substitute for it. Some surnames and given names are derived from nicknames. Examples of nicknames:
1. Words descriptive of physical traits such as:
Chuloq lame (Ahmad Chuloq)
Kul bald (Mahmud Kul )
Kalla big head (literally, head) (Ali Kalla)
Novcha tall (Ali Novcha)
Pakana short (Parpi Pakana)
2. Words descriptive of personality or character traits such as:
Ayyor clever, cunning
Borit brave man, hero
Mahmadona talkative, garrulous
Qupol rude
Sufi calm, quiet (a just and upright man)
Shaiton sly, wicked, devilish
3. Words indicating a special talent such as:
Mergan a sharpshooter
Polvon a wrestler (strong, mighty one)
In certain areas, such as the Ferghana Valley and the Surkhan-Day'ya Valley, some persons have as a surname the name of a former tribe. In the names Mahmud LAQAI and Komil QIPCHAQ, LAQAI and QIPCHAQ are the names of tribes that no longer exist but to which the person's ancestors presumably belonged.
Titles are sometimes substituted for a name and, like nicknames and other epithets, are a source of both given and family names. Used with a name, a title may be attached to the name as an enclitic, placed as a separate word after the given name, placed before the given name or before the surname.
When addressing a close relative, it is proper to use the term that would describe the rela­tionship between the person speaking and the one ad­dressed. When speaking to one's father, one uses the term for father (ota) and not their names. However, given names may be used when addressing brothers, or uncles, if they are relatively young. The following terms are commonly used when
addressing someone in a courteous or re­spectful manner:
Aka "Elder brother". Also used when speaking to a man older than oneself, e.g., Husan Aka.
Amaki "Father's brother." Also used in respectful address to elderly gentlemen; e.g., Ahmed Amaki.
Togha "Mother's brother”; e.g., Ahmad Togha
Uka "Younger brother." Used also in respectful address to a younger man than the speaker.