1 Notional and Functional parts of Speech

1 Notional and Functional parts of Speech...
Both the traditional and the syntactico - distributional classifications divide parts of speech into notional and functional. Criteria for differentiating: 1)the prominence of their lexical meanin 2)peculiarities of their combinability 3)ability to be substituted by a word of a more general meaning 4)ability to create/add new items Notional words 1)Complete nominative force 2)Self-dependent functions in a sentence 3)Can be used in isolation4)Can be substituted by a word of a more general meaning 5)Open classes (new items can be added to them, they are indefinitely extendable)Functional words 1) Incomplete nominative force 2)Non-self-dependent mediatory functions: linking or specifying 3)Obligatory combinability 4)Cannot be substituted 4)Closed classes (closed systems, including a limited number of members. As a rule, they cannot be extended by creating new items)The main notional parts of speech are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Members of these four classes are often connected by derivational relations: strength — strengthen;- strong — strongly.Functional parts of speech are prepositions, conjunctions, articles, particles.Pronouns constitute a class of words which takes an intermediary position between notional and functional words. On the one hand, they can substitute for nouns and adjectives, on the other hand, pronouns are used as connectives and specifiers.
2)2 Nouns:semantic groups and grammatical categories.
Nouns have a grammatical category called "number". The values of number are singular (one) and plural (two or more). The boy is playing. The boys are playing.SEMANTIC CLASSES OF NOUNS. The semantic classes of nouns are based on the function of the noun to give a name to either a unique item or a class of items. Hence the nouns fall into Proper Nouns and Common Nouns.
3)the compound sentence _____As learnt in sentence construction, a compound sentence has two or more separate clauses connected by a semicolon and coordinating conjunction. A compound sentence comprises two or more basic phrases joined together. There are no dependent clauses in a compound sentence---She did not cheat on the test, for it was the wrong thing to do.---I really need to go to work, but I am too sick to drive
4)Pronoun as a part of speech.---A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.A pronoun is usually substituted for a specific noun, which is called its antecedent. In the sentence above, the antecedent for the pronoun she is the girl.A pronoun is a word that you use to refer to someone or something when you do not need to use a noun, often because the person or thing has been mentioned earlier. Examples are 'it', 'she', 'something', and 'myself'.'
5)The simple sentence.---A simple sentence contains a subject (a person or thing performing an action) and a predicate (a verb or verbal phrase that describes the action) and expresses a complete thought as an independent clause. Simple sentences do not contain dependent or subordinate clauses.
6)Language and speech levels ----Language (Speech) is divided to certain strata or levels. Language layers If a level has its own unit then this level is qualified as basic or primary.
7)Syntax.Sentence.---Syntax in English sets forth a specific order for grammatical elements like subjects, verbs, direct and indirect objects, etc. For example, if a sentence has a verb, direct object, and subject, the proper order is subject → verb → direct object.
8)Verbs:semantic groups and grammatical categories.---There are four TYPES of verbs: intransitive, transitive, linking, and passive.SEMANTIC CONTENT: manner of motion verbs, directed motion verbs, sound verbs, change of state verbs, perception verbs, verbs of gestures and sign, weather verbs, . . .
9)the composite sentence---A composite sentence is a higher-order syntactic communicative unit. It includes two or more predicative units, which are related in meaning, structure and intonation.
10)Phrase:general characteristics.
A phrase is commonly characterized as a grammatical unit at a level between a word and a clause. A phrase is made up of a head (or headword)—which determines the grammatical nature of the unit—and one or more optional modifiers. Phrases may contain other phrases inside them.
11)A sentence is the basic unit of language which expresses a complete thought. It does this by following the grammatical basic rules of syntax. For example:"Ram is walking". A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: She walks.