1. phonetic typology is to be distinguished from phonological typology: the

part of speech generally display similar behavior in terms of syntax—they play
similar roles within the grammatical structure of sentences—and sometimes in
terms of morphology, in that they undergo inflection for similar properties.In
grammar, a part of speech (also called lexical categories, grammatical
categories or word classes) is a linguistic category of words.
According to their meaning, morphological characteristics and syntactical
functions, words fall under certain classes called parts of speech. We distinguish
between notional and structural parts of speech in English.
The notional parts of speech perform certain functions in the sentence. The
notional parts of speech are:
1. noun
2. adjective
3. pronoun
4. numeral
5. verb
6. adverb
7. words of the category of state
8. modal words
9. interjection
The structural parts of speech either express relations between words or
sentences or emphasize the meaning of words or sentences. They never perform
any independent function in the sentence. Here belong:
1. preposition
2. conjunction
3. particle
4. article
According to these main three characteristics, parts of speech in Russian are
subdivided into primary, secondary parts of speech and interjections.
Primary parts of speech are:
1. Noun
2. Adjective
3. Numeral
4. Pronoun
5. Verb
6. Adverb.
Secondary (bound) parts of speech are:
1. Preposition
2. Conjunction
3. Particle
Interjections are:
1. Interjections
2. imitative words.
Classification of parts of speech in Uzbek is almost the same as in Russian.
It also classified according to three main features of words such as semantic,
morphological and syntactic characteristics.
Currently, in modern Uzbek, there are 12 parts of speech and they are
subdivided into primary, secondary and interjections.
Primary parts of speech are:
1. Noun
2. Adjective
3. Numeral
4. Pronoun
5. Verb
6. Adverb.
Secondary (bound) parts of speech are:
1. Postposition
2. Conjunction
3. Particle
Interjections are:
1. Modal words
2. Interjection
3. Onomatopoeia (Imitative words).
Main characteristics of primary parts of speech are they have lexical and
grammatical meaning and can be expressed as any part of the sentence. While
secondary parts of speech do not have such features like expressing lexical
meaning, they do not have morphological changing and forming system and cannot
express as a part of a sentence. They serve for connecting the sentences, expressing
additional meaning for them, depending on words to each. Modal words,
exclamations, and imitative words are unlike primary and secondary parts of
speech in their functions.
As it is seen from the lists there is no article and the words of the category of
state in Russian and Uzbek, no modal words in Russian. Functions of prepositions
and postposition of the compared languages can be considered similar to each
other with different naming.
Moreover, the singular form of English, Russian and Uzbek nouns is zero
morpheme, We add suffix in all three languages in order to make aplural form, The
adjectives in both languages have the category of degree. These features can be
observed in all compared languages

Dildora Fayzullayeva, [12.05.2023 12:48]

What is a Syllable?
Syllable
What is a syllable in English? A syllable is a unit of spoken language that forms an entire word or parts of words. Syllables are usually made up of a single vowel sound and any surrounding consonant sounds. For instance, the word ‘butter’ contains two syllables: ‘but’ and ‘ter’.
What is a syllable in English?

First of all, let’s lay down a handy definition. Once we understand ‘what is a syllable in English?’, we’ll be able to go into more detail later on!
A syllable is a single, unbroken vowel sound within a spoken word. They typically contain a vowel (https://www.twinkl.com/teaching-wiki/vowel), or two if one is silent, and perhaps one or more accompanying consonants (https://www.twinkl.com/teaching-wiki/consonant). All words are made from at least one syllable.
Syllables are sometimes referred to as the 'beats' of a word that form its rhythm, and breaking a word into syllables can help English learners with phonetic spelling. Another way to describe a syllable is a 'mouthful' of a word!
What is a syllable in English? – Examples:
Since we’ve answered the question of ‘what is a syllable in English?’, it’s time for us to witness them in action. Below are some examples of words with different numbers of syllables:
'Tie' has one syllable.
'Rescue' has two syllables - Res + cue
'Alphabet' has three syllables - Al + pha + bet
'Activity' has four syllables - Ac + tiv + i + ty
'Electricity' has five syllables - E + lec + tri + ci + ty
A word with only one syllable can be called monosyllabic. There are names for other syllable amounts in words too: disyllabic for two, trisyllabic for three and quadrisyllabic for four. Or, you can just refer to them as polysyllabic if they have more than one!
An important thing to note is that the length of the word doesn't affect the number of syllables it has. It's all about the number of vowel sounds.
 (https://www.twinkl.com/resource/us-t-l-3606-splitting-words-into-syllables-teaching-resource-pack)
What are the six types of syllables?
Next up in our journey of learning ‘what is a syllable in English?’, we’ll learn about the different kinds of syllable. While there are two main types of syllables, closed and open, there can also be split into six different kinds. Let’s learn a bit about what these are:
1) Closed Syllable
A closed syllable is a word unit with a single vowel that ends with a consonant. These have a short sound such as bat, plant, shop and rabbit.

2) Open Syllable
An open syllable is a word unit that ends with a single vowel such as go, me, you and potato.
There are more types of syllables that you might come across in more advanced grammar, including:
magic 'e' or vowel-consonant -e;
R-controlled syllables;
diphthong (vowel team);
and consonant 'le'.
3) Vowel-consonant-e Syllable (VCE)
These syllables end in a final silent 'e' (hence why they're nicknamed magic 'e' syllables) with a consonant just before the silent 'e'. The silent 'e' makes the vowel before the consonant have a long sound. Here are some examples:
line
cute
mine
pine
mute
home
This syllable is usually taught after children are familiar with short and long sounds, as well as closed and open syllables. Here's a teaching tip for you: to transition from closed syllables to VCE words, try adding a silent 'E' to CVC words. For example, 'hat' becomes 'hate' and 'tap' becomes 'tape'.
4) R-controlled Syllable (VR)
In r-controlled syllable words, there's always a vowel followed by an 'r'. The 'r' gives the word a unique sound. Examples of VR words:
her
fur
ear
for
purr
This kind of syllable is taught after open, closed and VCE syllables.
5) Diphthong (vowel team) Syllable
A diphthong syllable usually has two vowels next to each other which are pronounced together, which is why they're dubbed 'vowel teams' - the vowels work together as a syllable. The vowel combinations are typically:

Dildora Fayzullayeva, [12.05.2023 12:51]

6.2
The syntax of a language studies the units more complicated than the word.
These are the phrase and the sentence, their combinations, types, structures of
sentences and parts of the sentences.
The Syntactic typology is engaged into acomparison of syntactic level units.
The basic units for comparison are the word-combination and the sentence.
Depending on the character of research the Syntactic typology may fall into several
sections: comparison of units of a word-combination, the level of the sentence, as
well as comparison of units of various levels with regards to their syntactic
functioning. The Syntactic typology usually compares languages on the basis of
atransformational syntax.
The word combination (phrase) is a combination of two or more notional
words syntactically related to each other and having a nominative function. And
thephrase is the smallest speech pattern and it consists of two notional words
which are grammatically and lexically connected to each other. Phrases, like
words, denote objects, phenomena, action or process. However, unlike words, they
represent them as complicated phenomena.
A sentence is an integral unit of speech having a communicative purpose; it
expresses a statement, a question or inducement. The sentence expresses
predication, i.e. shows whether the event is real or unreal, desirable or obligatory,
stated as truth or asked about, etc. The sentence can consist of one or several
notional words. In Uzbek the sentence is characterized as a smallest
communicative unit with the following features:
 It has predication which consists of modality and time. It may have the