1. Translation of phraseological units is topical for the contemporary translatology nowadays

1.Translation of phraseological units is topical for the contemporary translatology nowadays. According to many outstanding specialists, phraseological units are lexical combinations, the meaning of which is defined by the whole expression. The most distinctive feature of phraseological unit is its emotional expressiveness and conciseness of thought expression. Fairly often, phraseological units are functioning in the newspaper style. It should be noted that phraseological units are very often transformed into “stock phrases”. Defining phraseological units in the text and the ability to find an equivalent to it during the translation process is the most important stage for the translat or. In order to translate a phraseological unit, the translator should use phraseological dictionaries and context plays an important role during the translation process. In conclusion it should be noted that phraseological units reflect culture and a national mentality of a definite nation. Due to this reason, translation of phraseological units is one of the topical issues for the contemporary translatology. Phraseological units are an integral part of any language or culture and knowing these units and appropriate interpretation of them is an evidence of appropriate translation of the whole expression or a work of art.
3.In linguistics, a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. When used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. For instance, the English word "skyscraper" was calqued in dozens of other languages.Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language, or when the calque contains less obvious imagery.
Phraseological calques: idiomatic phrases are translated word for word. For example, "it goes without saying" calques the French ça va sans dire.
Syntactic calques: syntactic functions or constructions of the source language are imitated in the target language, in violation of their meaning.
5.Machine translation is the process of using artificial intelligence to automatically translate text from one language to another without human involvement. Modern machine translation goes beyond simple word-to-word translation to communicate the full meaning of the original language text in the target language. It analyzes all text elements and recognizes how the words influence one another.What is the history of machine translation?
The idea of using computers to translate human languages automatically first emerged in the early 1950s. However, at the time, the complexity of translation was far higher than early estimates by computer scientists. It required enormous data processing power and storage, which was beyond the capabilities of early machines.

In the early 2000s, computer software, data, and hardware became capable of doing basic machine translation. Early developers used statistical databases of languages to train computers to translate text. This involved a lot of manual labor and time. Each added language required them to start over with the development for that language. Since then, machine translation has developed in speed and accuracy, and several different machine translation strategies have emerged.Human translators use machine translation services to translate faster and more efficiently. We give some benefits of machine translation below:

Automated translation assistance
Machine translation provides a good starting point for professional human translators. Many translation management systems integrate one or more machine translation models into their workflow. They have settings to run translations automatically, then send them to human translators for post-editing.
Speed and volume
Machine translation works very fast, translating millions of words almost instantaneously. It can translate large amounts of data, such as real-time chat or large-scale legal cases. It can also process documents in a foreign language, search for relevant terms, and remember those terms for future applications.
Large language selection
Many major machine translation providers offer support for 50-100+ languages. Translations also happen simultaneously for multiple languages, which is useful for global product rollouts and documentation updates.
Cost-effective translation
Machine translation increases productivity and the ability to deliver translations faster, reducing the time to market. There is less human involvement in the process as machine translation provides basic but valuable translations, reducing both the cost and time of delivery. For example, in high-volume projects, you can integrate machine translation with your content management systems to automatically tag and organize the content before translating it to different languages.