1. Understanding of abilities. Qualitative and quantitative indicators of abilities. Types of abilities

The first is a psychophysiological direction that studies the connections between the main properties of the nervous system and the general mental abilities of a person (EL Golubeva, VM Rusalov). Another direction is the research of abilities in individual, game, educational, work activities(From AN Leontev's approach to activity). This strand examines the developmental determinants of skills in activities, where talent targets are not considered important. Later, in the school of SL Rubinstein (AV Brushlinsky, KA Abdulkhanova-Slavskaya), a consensus-based approach to the study of the problem of abilities was formed. Scientists who are supporters of this view considered the abilities that arise in a person as the development of methods of activity based on the signs of talent.
For the development of abilities, it is necessary to have a certain basis, which consists of talent badges. Under the signs of talent , the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the nervous system, which form the natural basis of the development of abilities, are understood. For example, the characteristics of the development of various analyzers can be shown as innate targets of ability. Similarly, certain characteristics of auditory perception may arise as a basis for the development of musical abilities. Targets of intellectual abilities are, first of all, in one or another level of excitability of the brain, in the mobility of nervous processes, in the speed of formation of temporary connections, that is, IP Pavlov 's genotype- it is manifested in such tasks of brain activity as the innate features of the nervous system.
The innate anatomical-physiological characteristics of the structure of the brain, sensory organs, movement (congenital targets) determine the natural basis of individual differences between people.
According to most psychologists , targets are anatomical - physiological characteristics of the nervous system determined by heredity ( congenital ) . But some scientists , for example , RS Nemov, assume that there are two types of signs in a person : innate ( natural ) and acquired ( social ) .
The development of goals  is a socially determined process associated with the conditions of education and the characteristics of the development of society . Targets develop and turn into abilities in the conditions where a need for one or another profession is born in society ; The second important factor in the development of characters is the characteristics of upbringing .
Badges will not be special . The presence of certain types of goals in a person does not mean that it is necessary to develop certain abilities based on them under favorable conditions . Based on the same abilities, different abilities can be developed according to the nature of the activity requirements . Similarly, a person who has the ability to hear and sense of tone can become a music performer, conductor, dancer, singer, music critic, pedagogue, composer, etc. At the same time, it cannot be denied that the targets do not affect the nature of future abilities . Similarly , the characteristics of the auditory analyzer affect the abilities that require a particular level of development of this analyzer .
Unlike abilities, badges can exist and be stored for a long time, regardless of whether a person refers to them or not, uses them in practice or not .
Thus , it can be said that the targets do not include abilities and do not guarantee their development . They are only one of the conditions for the development of abilities .

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