1. What is a vowel? What is consonant?
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Qodirovq marjona 419 typology task 6
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Questions: 1. What is a vowel? 2. What is consonant? 3. What kind of differences can be between vowels and consonants? 4. Tell about the principles of vowels' classification. 5. Find at least 3 similarities of English and Uzbek vowels. 6. Give 3 differences between English and Uzbek vowel phonemes. 7. Give 3 distinctive features of English and Uzbek vowel phonemes. 8. What isthe theoretical foundation of phonetic and phonological typologies? 9. What kind of differences do phonetics and phonology have? 10.What is the typological comparison of vowel and consonant phonemes? 11. Stress, intonation, assimilation, dissimilation, reduction, accent, rhythm and pause. Answers: 1. a speech sound which is produced by comparatively open configuration of the vocal tract, with vibration of the vocal cords but without audible friction, and which is a unit of the sound system of a language that forms the nucleus of a syllable. a letter representing a vowel sound, such as a, e, i, o, u. 2. In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are [p], pronounced with the lips; [t], pronounced with the front of the tongue; [k], pronounced with the back of the tongue; [h], pronounced in the throat; [f] and [s], pronounced by forcing air through a narrow channel (fricatives); and [m] and [n], which have air flowing through the nose (nasals). Contrasting with consonants are vowels. 3. Consonants and vowels correspond to distinct parts of a syllable: The most sonorous part of the syllable (that is, the part that's easiest to sing), called the syllabic peak or nucleus, is typically a vowel, while the less sonorous margins (called the onset and coda) are typically consonants. Such syllables may be abbreviated CV, V, and CVC, where C stands for consonant and V stands for vowel. This can be argued to be the only pattern found in most of the world's languages, and perhaps the primary pattern in all of them. However, the distinction between consonant and vowel is not always clear cut: there are syllabic consonants and non-syllabic vowels in many of the world's languages. One blurry area is in segments variously called semivowels, semiconsonants, or glides. On one side, there are vowel-like segments that are not in themselves syllabic, but form diphthongs as part of the syllable nucleus, as the i in English boil [ˈbɔɪ̯l]. On the other, there are approximants that behave like consonants in forming onsets, but are articulated very much like vowels, as the y in English yes [ˈjɛs]. Some phonologists model these as both being the underlying vowel /i/, so that the English word bit would phonemically be /bit/, beet would be /bii̯t/, and yield would be phonemically /i̯ii̯ld/. Likewise, foot would be /fut/, food would be /fuu̯d/, wood would be /u̯ud/, and wooed would be /u̯uu̯d/. However, there is a (perhaps allophonic) difference in articulation between these segments, with the [j] in [ˈjɛs] yes and [ˈjiʲld] yield and the [w] of [ˈwuʷd] wooed having more constriction and a more definite place of articulation than the [ɪ] in [ˈbɔɪ̯l] boil or [ˈbɪt] bit or the [ʊ] of [ˈfʊt] foot. The other problematic area is that of syllabic consonants, segments articulated as consonants but occupying the nucleus of a syllable. This may be the case for words such as church in rhotic dialects of English, although phoneticians differ in whether they consider this to be a syllabic consonant, /ˈtʃɹ̩tʃ/, or a rhotic vowel, /ˈtʃɝtʃ/: Some distinguish an approximant /ɹ/ that corresponds to a vowel /ɝ/, for rural as /ˈɹɝl/ or [ˈɹʷɝːl̩]; others see these as a single phoneme, /ˈɹɹ̩l/. Other languages use fricative and often trilled segments as syllabic nuclei, as in Czech and several languages in Democratic Republic of the Congo, and China, including Mandarin Chinese. In Mandarin, they are historically allophones of /i/, and spelled that way in Pinyin. Ladefoged and Maddieson[7][page needed] call these "fricative vowels" and say that "they can usually be thought of as syllabic fricatives that are allophones of vowels". That is, phonetically they are consonants, but phonemically they behave as vowels. Many Slavic languages allow the trill [r̩] and the lateral [l̩] as syllabic nuclei (see Words without vowels). In languages like Nuxalk, it is difficult to know what the nucleus of a syllable is, or if all syllables even have nuclei. If the concept of 'syllable' applies in Nuxalk, there are syllabic consonants in words like /sx̩s/ (/s̩xs̩/?) 'seal fat'. Miyako in Japan is similar, with /f̩ks̩/ 'to build' and /ps̩ks̩/ 'to pull'. 4. Vowels are made without an obstruction in the vocal tract, so they are quite sonorous. The body of the tongue moves in the mouth to shape each vowel, and for some vowels, the lips are rounded as well. Linguists classify vowels according to four pieces of information: tongue height, tongue backness, lip rounding, and tenseness. 5. There are 6 vowel phonemes in Uzbek. They are: The main point of difference of similarity between the English monophtongs, diphthongizes vowel and Uzbek may be summed up as follows: The English and Uzbek vowel phonemes are characterised by the oral formation. There are no nasalized vowels in the languages compared. According to the part of the tongue in the formation of vowel phonemes there are no front-retracted, central proper (or mixed) vowels in Uzbek. Resemblance may be found in the pronunciation of the back vowels in English and Uzbek. The Uzbek [ ] and the English [ ] are back-advanced vowels. The Uzbek [ ] and the English [ ], also [ ] are back retracted vowels. Therefore, it is comparatively easy to teach the Uzbeks pronunciation of back English vowels. According to the height of the tongue in English there are vowels of all the 6 levels. Uzbek vowels belong to the narrow varieties of the 3 levels. In Uzbek there are no vowel phonemes like the English [ ],[ ], [ ]. These vowels are difficult for the student to master, especially the neutral vowel. But nevertheless the neutral [ ] can be compared with Uzbek unstressed in the words like кетди, келди, китоб etc. According to the position of the lips in the formation of vowels English vowels are rounded without protrusion. Uzbek vowels [ ], [ are more closely rounded and protruded, where as the English , are slightly rounded and [ ], [ ] are closely rounded without protrusion. All the front and central vowels in English and Uzbek are unrounded. In articulating the English vowels [ ] and the Uzbek vowels [ ], [ ], the lips are neutral. In articulating the English vowels [ ], [ ], [ ] and the Uzbek [ ] the lips may be either neutral or spread. In articulating the Uzbek [ ] the lips may be either neutral or spread. 6. From the acoustic point of the view vowels are speech sounds of pure musical tone. Their oscillagraphic melody tracing are characterized by periodically. From the point of view of articulation vowels are speech sound in the production of which there are no noise producing obstructions. The obstructions by means of which vowels are formed may be of two kinds: 1) The fourth obstruction without which neither vowels nor voiced consonants are formed. 2) The third obstruction characteristic of both: English and Uzbek vowels. The channels formed in the mouth cavity for vowel production by moving a certain part of the tongue and keeping the lips in a certain position cannot be regarded as obstructions. They change the shape and volume of the resonance chamber, and in this way, help to achieve the timbre (or quality) of voice, characteristic of the vowel in question. In modern English we distinguish 21 vowel phonemes: 10. monophthongs [e, i, u, ? ?:, c, c:, ?,]?, ?:] 9. Diphthongs [ei, ai, au, ? i, ?i,] In modern Uzbek we find 6 vowel letters and corresponding vowel phonemes [a, o, y, (e, э) i(и)] The main principles of classifying the vowel phonemes are as-follows: a) according to the part (place of - articulation or horizontal movement) of the tongue; b) according to the height (vertical movement) of the long; c) according to the position of lips; d) according to quality (length) of vowels. 1. according to the part (horizontal movement) of the tongue vowel may be divided into; central [?: ?], front [i:, i, e, ?,] and back [a, u, ?, u, ?:, ?:] vowels. 2. according to the height of the tongue into: close (high) [i:], [u:] medial [e, ?: ?, ] and open [?, ?:, ?:, ?] vowels In the languages, in which hot only the quality but also quantity of vowels is of certain phonemic or positional value, one more subdivision appears. 3. according to vowel length th vowels may be divided into short; [i, ?, u, ?, ,] and long [i: ?: u: ?: ?:] vowels. (In this case it belongs only to the English vowels as far as in Uzbek the length of the vowel is of no importance). 4. according to the position of lips vowels may be; rounded (or labilialized) [u:, u: ?, c c,] and unrrounded (non-labialized) [e, ?: ?, ?] vowels. 5. we may also subdivide vowels according to their tensely or laxity into: lax [i, c, e, ?, ?, ?, ?] and tense [i: u: ?: ?: ?:] vowels. Vowel quality, vowel length and the position of the lips are denoted in the classification by transcription symbols of the phoneme itself. For instance [?:] is a long diphthongized vowel phoneme, pronounced with lips unrounded and [?:] is a rounded long diphthongized vowel, while [?] and [e] are an unrounded monophthongs. The first and the second principles constitute the basis of any vowel classification. They were firs suggested by H. Sweet (1898). 7. The aim of our comparison is pedagogical. Every phoneme of the English language should be compared with the' Uzbek vowels as comparison of an unknown language phoneme with that of one's mother tongue is of great use. The aim of our comparison (does not need any universal principle) and is to underline the specific features of vowel formation in the two languages in question. The tables of English vowels (accepted in our country) are based on the principles of acad. L.V. Sherba's vowel classification, later on prof. G.P. Torsueva's and prof. V.AVasiljev's classification. 1. According to the position of the tongue in the horizontal plane English vowels are divided into 3 groups: close, medial, and open. Each of them is subdivided into: narrow and broad. 2. According to the part of the tongue: front, - front - retracted, mixed, back advanced and back. In comparing the English and Uzbek vowel systems one more principle should be accepted - central vowels must be divided into: l) central proper and central retracted. Comparison shows, that: 1. the Uzbek [a] should be classified as broad open central retracted vowel 2. the neutral vowel [?] in English was pronounced by - the English speakers examined as a broad medial, central retracted vowel. 3. the English [?] was pronounced as an open narrow, central retracted vowel (evidently thanks to the new tendency to make it less back). As there is ho subdivision of Uzbek vowels according to their quantity into long and short ones there is no perceptible, difference in their tensely or laxity. So the Uzbek Vo - .veil phonemes are differentiated by their qualitative features. The main philological relevant features of the Uzbek vowels phonemes are: front-central-back, according to which they may form phonological opposition: close-mid-open (сил-сел-сал - кўр-кир, кўл - кел, тор - тер etc.) It should be kept in mind that there is a difference between the phonetic and phonological classification of phonemes. In the phonetic classification articulation arid acoustic features ane, taken into consideration. Every point of its cliJference is of-pedagogical use. But philological classification is based on the abstract differential features of phonemes. They serve the purpose of their differentiating, and are called philolbgically relevant attributes of phonemes. They may be defined with the help of, philological opposition in some pairs of words. Comparative analysis of the English and Uzbek vowels systems As has been mentioned above the system of English vowel phonemes consists of monophtongs, diphthongized vowels and diphthongs. There are 21 vowel phonemes in English. They are: [i:, I, e, ?, ?, c, c, u, u, ?, ?, ?, ei, ou, au, ci, i?, ei, u?,] There are 6 vowel phonemes in Uzbek. They are: [i, u, ?ie, a, o, y, y] The main point of difference: similarly between the English monophtongs, diphthongizes vowel and Uzbek may be summed up as follows: 1. The English and Uzbek Vowel phonemes are characterized by the oral formation. There are no nasal nasalized vowels in the languages compared. 2. According to the part of the tongue in the formation of vowel phonemes there are no front-retracted, central proper for mixed) vowels in Uzbek. Resembles may be found in the pronunciation of the back vowels in English and Uzbek. The Uzbek [y] and the English [o] are back-advanced vowels. The Uzbek [o] and the English [c], also (c) are back retracted vowels. Therefore, it is comparatively easy to teach the Uzbeks pronunciation of back English vowels. 3. According to the height of the tongue in English there are vowels of ail the 6 levels. Uzbek vowels belong to the narrow varieties of the 3 levels. In Uzbek there are no vowel phonemes like the English ?, ?i, ?, [?, ?:, ?] These vowels are difficult for the student to master; especially the neutral vowel. But never the less the neutral [?] can be compared with Uzbek unstressed in the words like. Кетди, келди, китоб etc. 4. According to the position of the lips in the formation of vowels English vowels are rounded without protractions. Uzbek vowels [a], [?] [a] I are more closely rounded and protruded, where as the English [?, ?, ?, ?, ?], are. slightly rounded and. [a], [u:] are closely rounded without protrusion. All the front and central vowels in English and Uzbek are ungrounded. In articulating the English vowels [i:, i, e] and the Uzbek vowels [u, e (?)], [y], the lips are neutral. In articulating the Uzbek [?, (e)] the lips may be either neutral or spread. In teaching the Uzbeks to pronounce the rounded English vowels care should be taken not to protrude the lips. 5. Besides considerable qualitative difference there is a quantitative difference between vowel phonemes of English and Uzbek. Traditionally all English vowels are divided into slier-and long. Short - [?, c, ?, ?, i], long [i:, ?, c: u: ?]. But at present the quantitative features of the English vowel) phonemes have become their main property and quality musty be regarded as additional. The Uzbek vowel phonemes. may only - be differentiated their quality. Philologically there. Is quantities difference in the Uzbek vowel phonemes. They typical «middle sounds», neither long nor shorter Some-Hines English vowels, [u:] may sound like the Uzbek [o] «and when they are pronounced short. This acoustic resemblance makes it possible to compare the vowels in question v 6. The English Vowels are usually neutralized and may be substituted by [] in unstressed position. The Uzbek vowels may be used either in stressed or unstressed position. Thus there is little difference between stressed and unstressed vowels in Uzbek. It is better to pronounce the correct pronunciation of the English without trying to find any parallels in the native tongue. 8. PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY Phonetics It is the scientific study of speech. It is a long history, going back certainly well over two thousand years ago. It was studied as early as the 4th century B.C: in the Indian subcontinent, with Panini’s account of the place and manner of articulation of consonants in his treatise of Sanskrit. The Phoenicians are credited as the first to create a phonetic writing system, from which all major modern phonetic alphabets are now derived. The central concerns in phonetics are the discovery of how speech sounds are produced, how they are used in spoken language, how we can record speech sounds with written symbols and how we hear and recognize different sounds. In the first of these areas, when we study the production of speech sounds we can observe what speakers do (articulatory observation) and we can try to feel what is going on inside our vocal tract (kinesthetic observation). The second area is where phonetics overlaps with phonology: usually in phonetics we are only interested in sounds that are used in meaningful speech, and phoneticians are interested in discovering the range and variety of sounds used this way in all the languages of the world. This is sometimes known as linguistic phonetics. Finally, the auditory aspect of speech is very important: the ear is capable of making fine discrimination between different sounds, and sometimes it is not possible to define in articulatory terms precisely what the difference is. A good example of this is in vowel sounds classification. While it is important to know the position and shape of the tongue and lips, it is often very important to have been trained in an agreed set of standard auditory qualities that vowels can be reliable related to. Phonology It is the study of the sound system of languages. At one extreme, phonology is concerned with anatomy and physiology, the organs of speech and how we learn to use them. At another extreme, phonology shades into socio-linguistics as we consider social attitudes to features of sounds such as accent and intonation. And part of the subject is concerned with finding objective standard ways of recording speech, and representing this symbolically. Phonology may seem to be a modern practice. It can be traced back to the 4th century BC when a grammar of the ancient Indian language ‘Sanskrit’ was composed. This was one of the first steps into phonological research, but there were many more developments to come before linguists reached the stage that we are today. The most basic activity in phonology is phonemic analysis, in which the objective is to establish what the phonemes are and arrive at the phonemic inventory of the language. One can look at the suprasegmental phonology –the study of stress, rhythm and intonation, which has led in recent years to new approaches to phonology such as metrical and auto-segmental theory; one can go beyond the phoneme and look into the detailed characteristics of each unit in terms of distinctive features; the way in which sounds can combine in a language is studied in phonotactics and in the analysis of syllable structure. 9. Phonetics deals with the production of speech sounds by humans, often without prior knowledge of the language being spoken. Phonology is about patterns of sounds, especially different patterns of sounds in different languages, or within each language, different patterns of sounds in different positions in words etc. 10. The notion “typological constant” denotes different criteria of description and classification. Phonological systems in different languages differ in 2 aspects: quantitatively qualitatively Some languages have a balanced proportion of vowels and consonants and they are called vocalic languages. If consonants prevail greatly, the languages are called consonantic. Some languages use interdental consonants, like English, New Greek, Danish. Usage of glottal phonemes – they are very rare in IE sounds. Typological comparison in phonology deals with several constants: 1. the number of phonemes in the language and their nomenclature. 2. The structure of phonological oppositions within this language. 3. The number of phonological correlations within this language. 4. Neutralization of phonological oppositions. In different languages neutralization takes place in different positions and this is criteria for comparison. Russian and German – consonants are neutralized at the end of the word. 5. It is distribution of phonemes and their frequency of occurrence. e.g. in English phonemes [s] and [z] and [t] and [d] are used most often because they are very commonly used within grammatical morphemes. Some phonemes are extremely rare: [ae] in Russian. 6. Functions of the phonemes within the word (in Semitic languages most consonants expressed meaning....... In Turkish languages the situation is quite obvious – vowels are free from grammatical meaning. Göl – озеро, gül – цветок. Русский: дог, бог, рог. These 6 criteria are constant taken for comparison of any 2 languages. 11. Rhythm This is the speed and cadence of how you say a sentence. So some beginner students might say – each - word- in – a - sentence - at - the - same - speed and sound a little like a robot. Developing different speeds and know when to slow down and speed up can give your spoken English more interest. Intonation This is the ‘music’ of the language. Often questions can be asked with a rising intonation where the pitch goes up. This might be a genuine question to which you don’t know the answer. ‘John’s still on holiday?’ said with a rising pitch means it’s a question which needs answering. If it’s said without a rising intonation it’s information that you already know and you may just need confirmation. Intonation can also show emotions like surprise etc. Stress This is saying a syllable or part of a word more strongly and can be at word level. RECord is the noun for example of an athletics world record perhaps, whilst reCORD is what you do to a song when you copy it onto a CD. Stress is also important at sentence level where the meaning can be changed depending on which whole word you stress. I left you with a question last week about how many ways the meaning of a sentence can be changed. Here we go: the words underlined should be stressed. See how it changes the implied meaning. I thought your brother was a bus conductor. [you thought someone else thought….] I thought your brother was a bus conductor [you thought I knew he was a bus conductor] I thought your brother was a bus conductor [not your friend’s brother] I thought your brother was a bus conductor [not your sister] I thought your brother was a bus conductor [I didn’t know he still is a bus conductor] I thought your brother was a bus conductor [before I thought he was an orchestral conductor] I thought your brother was a bus conductor [not a bus driver]. Test 1. The smallest unit of sound distinguishing meaning is called a ... a) phone b) morpheme c) phoneme d) allophone 2. A fricative and an affricate differ in ... a) pressure phase and friction phase b) Nothing
d) the manner of articulation 3. A voiced and a voiceless sound differ in ... a) There is no difference b) the direction of the air stream c) aspiration d) vocal chord action 4. In which of these words is the vowel the shortest? a) bean
c) bee
d) beat 5. … which is mainly concerned with the functioning of phonetic units in the language. a) segmental phonetics; b) practical phonetics; c) suprasegmental phonetics;
6. The branch of phonetics that studies the linguistic function of consonant and vowel sounds, syllable structure, word accent and prosodic features, such as pitch, stress and tempo is called … a) phonology; c) practical phonetics; d) theoretical phonetics; 7. … studies the larger units of connected speech syllables, words, phrases, texts. a) segmental phonetics; b) theoretical phonetics; c) practical phonetics; d)suprasegmental phonetics. 8. How many vowels are there in the English, Russian and Uzbek languages? a) 20, 6, 6 b) 18, 6, 10 c) 19, 6, 6 d) 24, 10, 6 9. What language classifies vowels into short and long according to the length a) Russian b) English
d) Polish 10. According to the palatalization of the tongue, what language has soft and hard consonants? a) English b) Uzbek c) Russian d) Polish 11. According to the passive organs of speech, consonants are divided into: a) Labial
c) Sonorant d) Fricative 12. A special prominence given to one more syllable in a word is: a) The pause
c) The melody d) The stress 13. Which language has free word stress? a) Russian and English b) Czeck and Slovak c) French d) Kazakh 14. What is a syllable? a) Morphemic structure of the word b) One of the speech sounds c) The shortest segment of speech sounds d) Segmental structure of the word 15. Find the correct answer where English and Uzbek stress position is correctly shown. a) words in English have mostly 1st syllable stressed position and Uzbek last syllable stressed position
c) there is no stable stress position in both languages d) words in Uzbek and English have free syllable stressed position Download 17.24 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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