2019 Q1: Brushtail Possums in nz
Q3: The Peopling of Australia
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2019 Bio schol paper
2019 Q3: The Peopling of Australia
The dispersal of H. sapiens across Sahul had resulted in many evolutionary and ecological implications that can be attributed to their diet and culture. H. sapiens were a generalist species that had an omnivorous diet, eating both vegetation and meat. Therefore, when they dispersed through into Sahul, they had derive its nourishment from the endemic species in Sahul, such as megafauna such as Emu and G. newtoni. Therefore, due to the introduction of H. sapiens into Sahul, megafauna were now being predated on, and it seems that the rate of predation much outpaces the rate of reproduction. So therefore, the population of megafauna slowly decreased as a result of H. sapiens. G. newtoni had a mass of up to 200kg, which probably implied that their eggs were very large, and therefore had to grow for a long time, which contributed to why their reproductive rates were very slow and eventually outpaced. It was clear as well that H. sapiens ate them because of the burn marks on Emu eggs, show that H. sapiens did indeed cook their eggs as a food source. Thus, this lead to the extinction event of megafauna such as Emu and G. newtoni. This has negative flow on effects on the ecosystem and disrupts the food web, for example, it affects the fungi Sporormiella, that relied on megafauna dung to complete its lifecycle. With reduced megafauna, or none at all (extinct) they could no longer complete their life cycle. And so it lead to a drastic fall in the abundance of this fungi, which means there is a reduction in the biodiversity of the ecosystem, which negatively impacts the food web. Furthermore, other carnivorous species who predated megafauna such as Emu and G. netwoni will also decrease in abundance as well due to a decreased food source because of the introduction of a new competitor. As the numbers of carnivores decreases as well, there is a further reduction in the biodiversity of the ecosystem, which again disrupts the food web. This has negative effects on the future evolution of carnivorous species as well due to decreased chances of survival, decreased reproductive success which means the population and genetic diversity falls. So over time, the are less able to adapt to a changing environment. However, plant species may benefit from the loss of a large, flightless, likely herbivorous megafauna. Due to their relatively large size (up to 200kg) they must have demanded a large energy or food source in order to sustain themselves and for their essential life processes like respiration. The extinction of these birds probably allowed for plant species to proliferate due to decreased herbivory, which may positively impact the ecosystem as they could thrive and bring more biodiversity. Also improving the plant species’ evolution as they grow more, reproduce more, they have improved genetic diversity and are more able to adapt to changing environments. As for the timing of the dispersal of H. sapiens into Sahul, evidence suggests as late as 47kya, but other evidence may claim a much earlier arrival. Firstly, the Pleistocene epoch meant that sea levels decreased significantly which opened up land for H. sapiens to migrate on, which connected Sunda with Sahul. Signs of cultural developments were seen in example 1, where artefacts were discovered to be dated around 65kya. Evidence for more advanced culture is seen in crayons and other pigments, which is likely reflective of civilisation and art, which is a very modern late H. sapien characteristic. Evidence 2 indicates that some teeth on Sumatra of some H. sapiens indicate that it was around 73-63kya. Which is not at Sahul specifically, but it does show that H. sapiens have migrated further to the specific by at least 63kya. Evidence in 3 show a significant bottlenecking effect occurring in the sporormiella fungi population that is reflective of a similar bottlenecking effect on megafauna occurring in around 45kya. This is indicative of H. sapien arrival into the south-western Australia. Therefore, the introduction of H. sapiens must have occurred prior to 45kya, as it would talk them longer to reach south western Australia. G. newtoni burnt eggshells date back to 53.9-43.4kya, which is indicative of H. sapien arrival with fire, and predation on megafauna. Evidence 5 suggests replacement of some modern Homo species by H. sapiens over time. Such as H. floresiensis being replaced or missing from their habitat in southeast asia around 60- 50kya. Luzon was later colonised and resulted in the subsequent replacement of H. luzonensis around 50kya. However, studies show that a considerable amount of water/ocean must be crossed during the Pleistocene epoch to reach Luzon. So therefore, it can be inferred that H. sapiens that migrated this far may have used boats as a vector to move between countries/continents and that seas travel was a deliberate choice. Therefore making it easier to travel over long bodies of water. However, they cannot have inhabited prior to 50kya, as they wouldn’t have reached Luzon yet, so probably not Sahul. Hence, I believe that H. sapiens probably colonised Sahul after 50kya, likely around 45kya. Even though the art examples indicate a much earlier date of arrival, it may be an outlier and need further research as other aboriginal Australian populations could have created this. Download 136.27 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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