21 st century learning, educational reform, and tradition: Conceptualizing professional development in a progressive age
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21st century learning educational reform
Programme of Studies
for public schools in 1936, every province in Canada had transformed its formal curriculum, infrastructure, and examination structures. A new and progressive age was on the horizon, and it demanded that school life adjust to meet the needs of a contemporary world. This world was altered by the transformative effects of modern warfare, as experienced in the trenches of Europe, as well as by immigration, industrialization, and urbanization. The second wave of progressive education followed the first by approximately thirty- five years; an indicative example is Ontario’s Living and Learning document, which was submitted to the public in 1968. More commonly referred to as the Hall-Dennis Report, a name associated with the two chairs of the committee that drafted the document, Living and Learning offered a wide set of recommendations, which challenged educationists to focus on the individual learner’s inclination towards self-discovery and exploration, to limit competition, to re-vision classroom spaces, and to abolish corporal punishment. Educationists wrestled to make sense of new technologies in the classroom, such as television programming, and conceptions of individual rights and responsibilities. The third wave of progressivist thinking, 21 st Century learning, is a tidal force in education today. Whilst mediated within a discourse that concentrates upon the transformative influence of technology on our existence, the rhetoric of 21st Century learning is thoroughly progressivist in its philosophical orientation towards the place of schools in society. Curriculum revisions are undertaken across Canada, in most cases concentrating on disciplinary thinking rather than content memorization and on the alignment between school learning and life beyond the classroom. The debate surrounding Ontario’s new Health and Physical Education curriculum, which introduced subjects related to sex education and gender that were intended to reflect contemporary Ontarian society despite protests by ratepayers that felt the subjects were controversial, is indicative of a century-long tension between progressivist and traditionalist thought. The former, as noted previously, explicitly aims to modernize education, while the latter resists the impetus to jump at various provocations that modernity advances. Throughout the history of Canadian public education, progressivists have largely defined the pedagogical aims that they espouse in opposition to tradition; tradition, in this 2 Roland Wright, A Short History of Progress (Toronto, ON: House of Anansi Press, 2004), p. 14. Professional development in a progressive age T. M. Christou 63 sense, bears a definitively negative connotation. According to progressivist sensibilities, noted above, extant school structures were derived in, and are associated with, a bygone and obsolete social context. The schools of today should help students understand and live in a modern world rather in a world that has passed. Nearly nine decades ago, John Dewey (1938) articulated a challenge to progressivist educators that still resonates; he felt that the dichotomy of “traditional” and “progressive” schools is problematic. 3 Dewey dared progressivists to be more critical of their own pedagogical principles and claims, but also to articulate an educational philosophy that was not defined primarily in opposition to another set of ideas, which is generally depicted in caricature. Progressive educators who had proceeded according to this principle of continuity had neglected questions central to the pedagogical project. Dewey was noting a reactive element to reformist rhetoric, which exposed an instinctual response to the present. Even as it acknowledges its internal inconsistencies, progressivist rhetoric drives forward an agenda that yokes progress to skill development, which relates to the marketplace as depicted in its present place and as projected into the future. This is consistent historically. 4 What distinguishes 21 st Century learning is its concentration upon information and computer technologies. This concentration is not led entirely by educational associations, as technology corporations are intimately involved as partners. One might consider, as a case in point, Canadians for 21st Century Learning and Innovation, or C21. Ten of the twelve founding members of C21 are corporations. 5 Their vision for instruction reads as follows: Teachers adopt modern instructional practices, including the teaching of 21st Century competencies, integrating technology with pedagogy, harnessing the power of social media for learning and offer learners interconnected learning experiences, choices, and opportunities. Faculties of Education in Canada adopt 21st Century learning based pre-service teaching standards and integrate ICT into their own pedagogies and classrooms. Provinces adopt 21st Century teaching standards for in-service teachers and provide the tools, resources and training required for teachers to be innovative, teach 21st Century competencies, integrate technology with pedagogy and better engage their learners. 6 Professional development, it follows, out to adhere to this vision. It is unsurprising that producers of technology products consider argue that their commodities are essential to 3 John Dewey, Experience and Education (New York, NY: Touchstone, 1938), p. 20. 4 Theodore Michael Christou, “Progressivist Rhetoric and Revised Programmes of Study: Weaving Consistency and Order out of Diverse Progressivist Themes in Ontario, Canada,” Curriculum History 13, no. 1 (2014): 61-82. 5 These corporations include: a) one that arranges for educational excursions internationally, but also online language learning, Education First; b) five publishers, Scholastic Education, Pearson, Oxford, McGraw- Hill/Ryerson, and Nelson; and c) four from the technology industry, Dell, Microsoft, SMART Technologies and IBM. 6 Canadians for 21st Century Learning and Innovation, “Shifting Minds: A Vision and Framework for 21st Century Learning in Canada.” Accessed at: http://www.c21canada.org, pp. 17-18. |
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