3-Amaliy va laborotoriya mashg‘uloti Mavzu: Tarmoq protokollari va tizimlari. Vernam, Gammalash hamda uitstonning ikkilik kvadrat shifrlash usullari yordamida shifrlash Kirish

Qanday qilib tarmoq tuguni raqamini, tarmoq raqami va hammaga mulljallangan broadcast adres raqamlarini belgilash mumkin?
Buning uchun xar bir bitlariga moslab maskani IP adres ga logik ko‘paytirib chiqiladi.
Masalan 1.
Berilgan:
IP adres 192.168.31.240, S sinfi (maska 24 bit).
Topilsin:
Tarmoq raqamitarmoqdagi tugun(xost) raqamiommaviy uzatish (berilgan tarmoq chegarasida tarkatiluvchi broadcast adres).
IP adres 11000000 10101000 00011111 11110000
maska 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 (255.255.255.0)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tarmoq rakami 11000000 10101000 00011111 00000000 (192.168.31.0)
Xost rakami 00000000 00000000 00000000 11110000 (0.0.0.240)
Ommaviy uzatish 11000000 10101000 00011111 11111111 (192.168.31.255)
Masala 2.
IP adres 12.200.17.242, 23 bitli tarmoq.
IP adres 00001100 11001000 00010001 11110010
maska 11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000 (255.255.254.0)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tarmoq rakami 00001100 11001000 00010000 00000000 (12.200.16.0)
Xost rakami 00000000 00000000 00000001 11110010 (0.0.1.242)
Ommaviy uzatish 00001100 11001000 00010001 11111111 (12.200.17.255)
Masala 3.
IP adres 12.200.17.242, 29 bitli tarmoq.
IP adres 00001100 11001000 00010001 11110010
maska 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 (255.255.255.248)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tarmoq rakami 00001100 11001000 00010001 11110000 (12.200.17.240)
Xost rakami 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000010 (0.0.0.2)
Ommaviy uzatish. 00001100 11001000 00010001 11110111 (12.200.17.247)
Maksimal 4 mlrd adreslar (2³²)
Xar bir ishlatuvchiga unikal adres ajratish muammosi
Xizmat sifatini ta’minlash
Xavfsizlik ta’minlanmaydi
IPv6 1992 yil yaratildi va maksimal 2¹²⁸ = 40,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 ta adreslar Formati: x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x
Xar bir m² ga (6.67 * 10²⁷) ta adres
IP v6 adresi
fabc:de12:3456:7890:ABCD:EF98:7654:3210