6. Methods of analysis by instruments is called …instrumental

1. A system of interrelated intonational means which is used in a social sphere and serves a definite aim of communication is called...- Intonation style
2. Phonetics os also closely connected with a number of non-linguistic disciplines which study diffirent aspects of speech production and speech perception, they are...-physics, biology, maths
3.What linguistic disciplines are closely connected with Phonetics?-grammar,lexicology,stistics
4. Which branch of phonetics uses the methods of direct observation, whenever it is possible (lip movements, some tongue movements) combined with x-ray photography or x-ray cinematography, observation through mirrors as in the laryngoscopic investigation of vocal cord movements, etc. …-the articulatory aspect.
5. Which branch of phonetics borders with anatomy and physiology? Articulatory,linguistic interpretation
6. Methods of analysis by instruments is called …instrumental
7. Methods of analysis by sensory impression is called …-the perceptual/auditory aspect
8. What method of phonetic investigation is based on the use of special technical devices, such as hand mirror, spectrograph, intonograph, oscillograph, xray photography and cinematography, CD records, laryngoscope and others?-experimental investigation
9. What methods of phonetic investigation do phoneticians distinguish when it is carried out without any other instruments of analysis than the human senses?-direct method

65. How can we define periodical sounds in acoustic aspect?

If the same vibration is repeated at regular intervals then the sound
Waves are periodical.
66. How can we define non-periodical sounds in acoustic aspect?
The vibration repeated at ir-
Regular intervals creates non-periodical sound waves.
67. Voiced consonants are called …Voiced consonants – sounds produced when the vocal cords are brought together and vibrate.B, D, G, J, L, M, N, Ng, R, Sz, Th (as in the word “then”), V, W, Y, and Z.
68. Voiceless consonants are called …sounds produced when the vocal cords are apart and don’t vibrate.
69. [b, d, ɡ, z, v, ð, ʒ, m, n, ŋ, l, r, j, w, dʒ] consonants belong to … voiced consonants
70. [p, t, k, s, f, θ, h, ʃ, ʧ] consonants belong to … voiceless consonants
71. [h, m, n, ŋ, l, w, r, j] consonants are usually classified as: sonorants
72. According to the position of the active organ of speech against the place of articulation English consonants are classified into phatyngeal labial lingual
73. Labial consonants are subdivided into: bilabial and labio-dental

83. According to the manner of the production of noise, occlusive noise consonants are divided into…According to the manner of noise production, occlusive noise consonants are divided into plosive consonants (or stops) and affricates.

84.[m, n, ŋ] are termed …
Nasal sounds.
85. English constrictive noise consonants (fricatives) are …
The sounds [f, v, θ, р, s, z, ∫, j, h] are also called fricatives, because in their production the air is released with fric- tion.
86. Constrictive sonorants may be
W, r, l, j
87. What are the voiced counterparts of / p, t, k /?
B, D, G
88. [r], [w], [j] are termed
89. According to the position of the lips English vowels are classified into
Rounded, neutral, spread.
90. According to the stability of articulation English vowels are subdivided into ...
Monophthongs, diphthongs, diphthongoids.
91. English monophthongs are…
A monophthong is where there is one vowel sound in a syllable.

10. Onomatopoeia as: ping-pong, cuckoo etc. May easily be observed in … phonostylistics

11. Which branch of linguistics studies the connection between the sound form and the meaning? Phonosemantics
12. What components form the pronunciation of a language? Word stress, speech sounds, intonation and syllabic structure
13. Articulatory, acoustic, auditory, and functional (social) are aspects of … phonetics
14. The branch of phonetics which is concerned with the study, description and classification of speech sounds as regards their production by the human organs of speech is called … articulatory/physiological phonetics
15. The branch of phonetics investigating the perception process is known as auditory phonetics
16. Acoustic phonetics studies … the way in which the air vibrates between the speaker’s mouth and the listener’s ear, in other words, the sound wave. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds and uses special technologies to measure speech signals
17. Acoustic phonetics is sometimes called … experimental, instrumental or laboratory phonetics
18. The branch of phonetics investigating the perception process is known as auditory phonetics
19. The branch of phonetics that studies the functional (linguistic, social) aspect of speech sounds and all the other components of the sound matter of the language (syllabic structure, word stress and intonation) is called … phonology

29. What does the practical phonetics study?

How to pronounce sounds correctly and what intonation to use to
Convey this or that meaning or emotion.
30. What does the theoretical phonetics study?
Functioning of phonetic units in the language
31. What branches of linguistics are closely connected with phonetics?
32. Which branch of linguistics studies the phonetic phenomena and processes from the stylistic point of view?
33. What is the unit of phonetics? Speech sounds
34. What is the unit of phonology?
Phoneme
35. Phoneme is the smallest unit of phonology
36. What methods can be used to discover phonemes?
Formally distributional method and
Semantically distributional method. Formally distributional method is focused on the position of a
Sound in the word, or its distribution. The semantically distributional (semantic) method is based
On the phonemic rule that phonemes can distinguish words and morphemes when opposed to one
Another in the same phonetic context.
37. Who was the founder of the phonemic theory?
L.V. Shcherba

20. Special phonetics is subdivided into …

❗️descriptive phonetics and historical phonetics.

21. Special descriptive phonetics studies …

❗️the phonetic structure of the language synchronically

22. The study of the historical development of the phonetic system of a language helps to understand …

❗️its present and predict its future. 

23. Historical phonetics is connected …

❗️with general history and the history of the people whose language is studied.

24. Historical phonetics is closely connected with …

❗️Closely connected with historical phonetics is comparative phonetics which studies the correlation between the phonetic systems of two or More languages.

25. Which division of phonetics deals with the larger units of connected speech as: syllables, words, phrases and texts?

❗️Another important division of phonetics is into segmental phonetics, which is concerned with individual sounds (i.e. “segments” of speech) and suprasegmental phonetics, which deals with the larger units of connected speech: syllables, words, phrases and texts.

26. Which division of phonetics is concerned with individual sounds?

❗️ segmental phonetics

27. What does the general phonetics study?

❗️studies the nature of phonetic phenomena and formulates phonetic laws and principles and special phonetics which is concerned with the phonetic structure of a particular language.

28. What does the special phonetics study?

❗️the phonetic structure of a particular language.

91. English monophthongs are…/ɪ, e, ӕ, ɑ:, ɒ, ʊ, ʌ, ɜ:, ə/

A vowel articulated when the tongue position is stable, in this case the
Articulated vowel is pure, it consists of one element; a vowel in which there is no change in quality
During a syllable, as in English [ɑ:] in father.
92. English diphthongs are…which are known as the «unit theory» and
• «analytic treatment»./aʊ/ as in “Town” ; /aɪ/ as in “Light” ;/eɪ/ as in “Play” ;/eə/ as in “Pair” ; /ɪə/ as in “Deer” ; /oʊ/ as in “Slow” ; /ɔɪ/ as in “Toy” ; /ʊə/ as in “Sure”
A vowel which consists of two elements, strong (a nucleus) and weak – (a
Glide); a vowel in which there is a change in quality during a single syllable, as in English /aɪ/ in
High. English diphthongs can be normal – this term is used because they are similar to the
Diphthongs normally occurring in other languages: /eɪ, aɪ, ɔɪ, aʊ, əʊ/ and centring: /ɪə, ɛə, ɔə, ʊə/ –
They are called so because their glide /ə/ is considered to be a central vowel.
93. Strong, clear and distinct English diphthong is called …the nucleus
94. Rather weak English diphthong is called …the glide
95. English diphthongoids are… a vowel articulated when the change in the tongue position is fairly weak,
In this case the articulated vowel is not pure, but it still consists of one element. In English /i:/ and
/u:/ are diphthongoids.
96. Name the three stages of articulation of a speech sound? They are (1)
The on-glide, or the initial stage, (2) the retention-stage, or the medial stage, and (3) the off-glide
(release), or the final stage.
97. Two principal ways of joining two adjacent speech sounds are … I. Merging of
Stages. II. Interpenetration of stages.
98. What is the merging of stages? Two adjacent sounds of a different nature are joined together.
99. What is the interpenetration of stages? When consonants of a similar or identical nature are joined together.
100. What types of modification are there in connected speech? Assimilation, accommodation, reduction, elision, and inserting.

74. Bilabial consonants are: p,b,m,w

75. Labiodental consonants are: v,f
76. Lingual consonants are subdivided into: forelingual, interlingual, backlingual
77. Forelingual consonants may be: ʒ,ʤ,ʧ,ʃ, n, l, z, s, d, t
78. How forelingual consonants are classified according to the work of the tip of the tongue?
Apical- if the tip of the tongue is active (t,d,s,z,n,l)
Cacuminal- if the top of the tongue is at the back part of the teeth (r)
79. Mediolingual consonants are: j,l,g
80. Velar or backlingual consonants are:
Velar nasal sonorants: ŋ
Velar stops: k,g
81. Glottal consonants are: (h) in the glottis
82. According to the manner of the noise production and the type of obstruction English consonants can be classified into:
Occlusive and constructive

56Dialects may be distinguished from each other by their pronunciation, grammar, lexicon and stylistics.

57three principal
Types of English pronunciation
Northern, Southern, Scottish
58 Eastern, Western, Southern types of pronunciation are used in America
59Received Pronunciation is the only type of English pronunciation that has been
Scientifically investigated and practically described for foreign learner
60 The pronunciation of the speaker is not similiar in all occasions. It may vary, depending on the situations, context, on the
Character of the audience and listener, on the emotional attitude of the speaker etc. All these are characteristic of the style of speech
61. The oldest and most avail-
Able method of the articulatory phonetics is direct observation,
Which studies the movements and positions
62Acoustics – the study of the physical properties of sound.
63Auditory Phonetics – the branch of phonetics investigating the perception process.
64Acoustic Phonetics – science which studies the way in which the air vibrates between the
Speaker’s mouth and the listener’s ear, in other words, the sound wave. It is concerned with the
Physical properties of speech sounds and uses special technologies to measure speech signals.

38. Who suggested the abstractional conception of the phoneme? Ferdinand de Scussure

39. Who viewed the phoneme as the minimal sound units by which meanings may be differentiated? N S Trubetskoy and L Bloomfield
40. By whom was defined the phoneme as a family of sounds?
41. By whom was developed and perfected the phonemic theory of L.A. Baudouin de Courtrney? Shcherba
42. Who was the first to define the phoneme as a real, independent distinctive unit which manifests itself in the form of allophones? Shcherba
43. Prof. V.A. Vassilyev stated that a phoneme is a dialectical unity of three aspects: What aspect he mentioned about?1) material, real and objective 2) abstract and generalized 3) functional
44. What do you understand by allophones? The actual pronunced speech sounds are variants, allophones of phonemes, have phonetic similarity
45. What phonetic term do we mean by a distribution of the same phoneme? Allophones
46. Where can we observe the realization of allophones? In concrete words

49. Allophones that occur under influence of the neighboring sounds in different phonetic situations are called subsidiary, e.g.:

1. 
   Deal, did – it is slightly palatalized before front vowels
   

2. 
   Bad pain, bedtime – it is pronounced without any plosion
   

С. Sudden, admit – it is pronounced with nasal plosion before [n], [m]

3. 
   Dry – it becomes post-alveolar followed by [r].
   

50. Allophones which appear as a result of the influence of the neighbouring speech sounds are called positional and combinatory.

51. Positional allophones are used in certain positions traditionally. For example, the English [1] phoneme is always “clear” in the initial position and “dark” in the terminal position(feel-lost).

52. The orthoepic norm of a language is the standard pronunciation adopted by native speakers as the right and proper way of speaking. The orthoepic norm is based on the variants of pronunciation that are widely used in actual speech, that refect the main phonetic tendencies, and that are considered to be acceptable by the educated.

54. An accent is a change of the sounds of the second language, often the result of the influence of the first language. For example, an English speaker might produce French with English “r” sounds. Accents result from more than just poor muscular coordination.

55. A dialect is a regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, and/or vocabulary.