A brief History of Time: From Big Bang to Black Holes

particle theory of 65–68, 91–92
speed of 21–23, 24–26
visible 45
wavelengths 45
wave theory of 91–92
see also Speed of light
ght cone 29–33, 35, 58, 96–97, 153
ght wave 22–23, 48, 65–67, 97–99, 101–102
ght-second 26–28
nde, Andrei 148–150, 158
orentz, Hendrik 23
ucasian Professorship of mathematics (Cambridge) 77
uttrel, Julian 156
acromolecules 136–137
agellanic clouds 109
agnetic field 22, 45, 75, 88, 101, 106, 110, 120
agnetism 22, 81
ars (planet) 3–4, 41
ass 13, 18–19, 189
black holes 121
see also Chandrasekhar limit
atter 71–73
density 57–58
properties of 188
atter particles 75–79, 81, 84, 90, 94, 120–121, 145, 188
axwell, James Clerk 22–23, 28, 81
easurement 21–22, 26, 28–29, 35–37, 64, 202
ercury (planet) 3–4, 12, 35
esons 83, 88, 133
ichell, John 91–92, 106
ichelson, Albert 23, 26, 33

---

icroelectronics 15
icrowave background radiation 150, 159–160
icrowaves 22, 45, 48
ilky Way 42, 43–44, 47
olecules 69–72, 80, 116–117, 133
orley, Edward 23, 26, 33
oss, Ian 149
otion 17–19, 22–24, 72
see also Brownian motion; Orbits
ott, Nevill 73
aked singularity 99–100, 103
atural selection 15–16
eutrino 132–133
eutron 73–73, 77, 82–83, 86–87, 95, 132–133, 172
eutron star 95, 101–102, 106, 127,
ewton, Isaac 5–6, 7, 11–13, 17–24, 33–37, 77, 91–93, 117, biography 219–221
see also Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica; Gravity
o boundary condition 159–160, 164–165, 168–173
obel prize 23, 49, 64, 73, 76, 77, 82, 88, 96, 102, 188
orth Star 2
uclear energy 15
uclear force 81–84, 133, 144, 188
uclear fusion 135
ucleus 68–70, 72–73, 80–81, 82, 96, 101, 124, 187, 199
umbers:
complex 152–153
specifying time 190
value 136–140
see also Imaginary numbers
ccam’s razor 64
bers, Heinrich 7–8
n the Heavens (Aristotle) 2
pen strings 191–194, 199–200
ppenheimer, Robert 96
bits 1–2, 3, 4–5, 13, 19, 27, 34–36, 41–42, 54, 68–70, 105
xygen 117, 135–137, 141
ge, Don 170–171
lomar Observatory, California 105
rticle accelerator 82, 83–87, 178, 202
rticle 65–90, 94, 152–154, 200
light 91
position, velocity 63, 119, 207
see also Elementary particle; Matter particle; Virtual particle; Waves
uli, Wolfgang 76–77, 94
see also Exclusion principle
ebles, Jim 49
nn State University 171
nrose, Roger 39, 58–60, 99–100, 103, 113, 115, 151

---

nzias, Arno 47–49, 56, 134
ase 57, 65, 67, 69–70, 144–145, 146–150, 152, 169–173
ase transition 144, 147–148, 150
ilosophers 9, 63, 207
oton 78–81, 124, 132–133, 134, 180–181
ysics, unification of 187–189, 190–192, 195, 197–198, 200, 202–203
anck, Max 61–62, 63, 126, 202–203
anck’s constant 63
anck’s quantum principle 126
anets 3, 4–6, 7, 11, 13, 19, 21, 27, 35, 41, 61, 68, 87, 126, 137
uto (planet) 126
incaré, Henri 23, 31–32
pper, Karl 12, 160
inceton University 118
incipia Mathematica (Newton) 5, 18, 22, 219–220
ism 44–45
oportional 11, 18–19, 46, 62, 121
oton 73–74, 77, 80, 82–83, 85–87, 95, 132–134, 172
oxima Centauri 41
ychological arrow of time 164, 166, 167, 172–173
olemy 3–4, 5–6, 50, 143
lsars 106
CD see Quantum chromodynamics
uantum 59–65, 148–156
uantum gravitational effects 151–152, 158, 168–169
uantum mechanics 52, 60, 64–68, 70, 74–75, 77–78, 89–91, 127–131, 152–153, 156, 160–163, 188–
189, 204, 207–208
definition of 13–14
uantum theory of gravity 14, 60, 90, 152, 154–156, 168
see also Complete unified theory
uarks 73–74, 77, 80, 83–87, 89, 120, 133, 195, 202
uasars 106, 110, 133
ueen Mary College (London) 195
adar 24–26, 55–56
adiation 48–49, 56, 62, 87, 114, 121–124, 131–134, 184–186
black holes 118–120
see also Microwaves
adio waves 22, 25–26, 45–46, 56, 62, 102, 105–106, 109
adioactivity 81
ate of expansion 53, 137–138, 143–144, 146, 159
ayleigh, Lord John 62
eal time 158–159, 163–164, 170
easoning abilities 15
ed shift 46, 50, 105, 159
elativity see General relativity; Special relativity
enormalization 189
est, state of 20
obertson, Howard 50
obinson, David 104

---

oemer, Ole Christensen 21–22, 91–92
osen, Nathan 179–180
ubbia, Carlo 82
ussell, Bertrand 1
utherford, Ernest 72–73, 75, 127
yle, Martin 56
lam Abdus 81–82
turn (planet) 3–4, 41
herk, Joël 195
hmidt, Maarten 105
hrödinger, Erwin 64
hwarz, John 195
hwarzschild, Karl 103–104
ience fiction 52–3, 141, 152, 174, 176–177, 180, 196
ientific laws 61
ientific theory 11, 56, 150, 155, 158–160, 203
ott, David R. 18
ngularity 55, 57–60, 70, 99–101, 103, 113, 128–130, 138, 151, 154–155, 158, 180, 185
ngularity theorem 56–60, 70, 151, 158
rius 95
und waves 22, 45
ace 17–42
absolute 19–20
properties of 50–52
ace travel 175–177, 178–179, 197–198
ace-time 175–176, 179, 180, 181–186, 196
atial dimension 28–29
ecial relativity 32–33, 72
ectrum 44–45, 119
eed of light 21–26, 28–30, 31–33, 92, 94, 101–102, 121
in 6, 74–83, 84, 88–89, 104, 134, 135, 150, 184, 190
iral galaxy 42, 43, 143
ontaneous proton decay 85, 86
ontaneous symmetry breaking 81
arobinsky, Alexander 119
ar 1, 3–8, 35–36, 41–45, 48, 52–54, 87, 90–97, 101–102, 106–111, 127, 133, 135–138, 141–142, 143,
169, 172
cataloguing of 41–42
collapsing 58, 97–101
fixed 1–2, 3–4
life cycles of 93–97
luminosity of 41–44
number of 6–8
temperature of 42–44, 132–133
visible 41–42
see also Cold stars; Neutron stars; North Star; White dwarf
ationary state 102–104
eady state theory 55–56
einhardt, Paul 149

---

ring theories 191–196, 199–200
rong anthropic principle 139, 141–143
rong force 78, 83, 144, 194–195
rong nuclear force 82–84, 133
n: eclipse 35
motion 1–6
temperature 132–133
pergravity 190–191, 195, 200
pernova 135–136, 141
mmetry 81–82, 87–89, 104, 144–145, 147–150, 170, 176
stem of the World, The (Laplace) 92
ylor, John G. 102, 127
lescopes 43, 96, 106
mperature 44, 111, 116–117, 120, 121–123, 137–138
hermodynamics, second law of 116–117, 164, 165
hermodynamic arrow of time 164–165, 167–169, 172–173
homson, J. J. 72, 74
horne, Kip 100–101, 108
me 1–39, 45–62, 105–134, 135–142, 143–144, 146, 148, 150–200, 201–210, 215–220
properties of 52
travel 174–177, 178–186
see also Absolute time; Arrows of time; Imaginary time
wo New Sciences (Galileo) 217
ncertainty principle 53, 61–69, 70, 119–121, 128–129, 138–139, 159–160, 169, 175, 180, 187–190,
202–207
nchanging universe 9–10, 38–39
niversal gravitation 5
niverse 1–4, 5–11, 12–17, 38–39, 41–44, 45–61, 63–64, 75–76, 121–134, 135–142, 143–161, 164–166,
168–176, 183, 198–199, 201–204, 206–210
see also Age of universe; Contracting universe; Density; Evolution of the universe; Expanding
universe; Infinite static universe; Initial state of the universe
n der Meer, Simon 82
ctor boson 81
locities 53, 57, 64, 76–77, 93
locity 26, 33, 62–64, 68–69, 76–78, 120, 207
nus (planet) 3–4, 41, 78, 80–81
rtual particle 78, 80–81, 128, 180, 184, 186, 189
rtual photon 78–79, 80–81, 180–181
sible light 22, 45, 62, 74, 81
alker, Arthur 50
ater 2, 11, 29–30, 37, 65, 71, 86, 102, 107, 110–111, 145, 147–148, 163
ave-particle duality 69, 75, 91, Wavelength 22, 45, 65–69, 181
aves 78–80
see also Gravitational waves; Light waves; Particles; Sound waves
eak anthropic principle 140–141, 150–151, 164, 171–172, 199
eak force 80–81, 84, 88–90, 132
eak nuclear force 81–83, 144

---

eight 17–19, 94–95
einberg, Steven 81–82
ells, H. G. 174
heeler, John 91, 103, 110
hite dwarf 93, 94–95, 108
ilson, Robert 48–49, 56
ittgenstein, Ludwig 209
World-line’ 192
orld-sheet 190–193
ormholes 174, 178, 179–180, 204
u, Chien-Shiung 88
rays 30
ng, Chen Ning 88
ldovich, Yakov 119

---

About the Author