A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education
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International primary writing review - FINAL 28.03.2019
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Assessment Description Method of the writing assessment Targeted pupils Further information Australia National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) Yearly national assessment of reading, writing, spelling and grammar, and numeracy. Extended response type items. Traditionally paper- based, but a sample of students were tested online in 2018. All pupils in: Year 3 – Age 8-9 Year 5 – Age 10-11 Year 7 – Age 12-13 Year 9 – Age 14-15 NAP (2016a, 2018) NAPLAN Online (2018) Example test items: NAP (2018) Canada (Ontario) Assessment of Reading, Writing and Mathematics: Junior Division (also known as the Junior Division Assessment; JDA) Yearly provincial assessment of mathematics and language (including reading and writing). Paper-based, with extended response and multiple-choice type items. All pupils in: Grade 6 – Age 11-12 EQAO (2007, 2017c) Example tests: EQAO (2017b) Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) a Caribbean Primary Exit Assessment (CPEA) Yearly multi-national assessment of ‘common literacies’: mathematical, civic and scientific, and language (including writing). Internally assessed portfolio of collections of writing produced over time. All pupils in subscribed jurisdictions at the end of primary school – Age 10-11 CXC (n.d., 2016) A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education 33 England National curriculum assessments: Key Stage 2 (KS2) Yearly national assessment of reading, mathematics, grammar punctuation and spelling, and writing. Internally assessed portfolio of collections of writing produced over time. All pupils in: Year 6 – Age 10-11 STA (2017b) Hong Kong Territory-wide System Assessment (TSA) Yearly (for Primary 3 and Secondary 3) or biennial (for Primary 6) territory-wide assessment of Chinese and English language (including writing) and mathematics. From 2018 onwards, Primary 3 pupils are assessed on a sampling basis only. Paper-based, with a single extended response type item. All pupils in: Primary 3: 8-9 Primary 6: 11-12 Secondary 3: 14-15 HKEAA (n.d.- a, n.d.-b) Example tests: HKEAA (2015a) New Zealand Assessment Tools for Teaching and Learning (e- asTTle) Optional assessment of reading, writing, and mathematics, in English and/or Māori. Can be taken at any point in the year. Computer-based, with a single extended response type item. Designed for pupils in: Year 5 – Age 8-9 Year 6 – Age 9-10 Year 7 – Age 10-11 Year 8 – Age 11-12 Year 9 – Age 12-13 Year 10 – Age 13-14 New Zealand Ministry of Education (n.d.-a, n.d.- b) Pakistan National Achievement Test (NAT) Yearly sample-based assessment of maths, science, social Paper based. Item type is unclear. However, the writing A random stratified sample of pupils in: Grade 4 – Age 9-10 Pakistan Ministry of Federal A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education 34 studies, and reading and writing in Urdu, Sindhi, and English. items are marked by professional markers standardised to understand the ‘spirit’ of marking rubrics. This would imply extended-response type items, as short answers or MCQs would have more clearly defined rubrics. Grade 8 – Age 13-14 50% of all government schools are sampled, and then 20 pupils are sampled from each school. Education and Professional Training (2016a, 2016b) Philippines National Achievement Test (NAT) Yearly national assessment of science, maths, English (including writing), Filipino, and social studies. Paper-based, with multiple-choice type items. All public school pupils in: Grade 3 – Age 8-9 All pupils in: Grade 6 – Age 11-12 2 nd Year – Age 13-14 Benito (2010) Scotland Scotland National Standardised Assessments (SNSA) Yearly national assessment of reading, writing, and numeracy. The assessment at Primary 1 has a single literacy assessment which does not explicitly identify writing skills. Computer-based, with mostly multiple-choice type items (word choice, also including matching of items and drag and drop selection) and some single word typed answers. All pupils in: Primary 1 – Age 4-5 Primary 4 – Age 7-8 Primary 7 – Age 10-11 Secondary 3 – Age 13-14 SNSA (n.d.-a, n.d.-b) Singapore Primary School Leaving Yearly national assessment of writing, language use Paper-based, with 2 extended response type items. All pupils in: Primary 6 – Age 11-12 SEAB (2015, 2018a) A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education 35 Examination (PSLE) and comprehension, listening comprehension, and oral communication. Trinidad & Tobago Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA) Yearly national assessment of writing, mathematics and language (spelling and grammar and reading comprehension). Paper based, with 1 extended response type item. All pupils in: Standard 5 – Age 10-11 Republic Of Trinidad & Tobago Ministry Of Education (2017a) Uganda Primary Leaving Examinations (PLE) Yearly national assessment of English language (including writing), mathematics, science, and social studies. Paper-based, with short response type items (eg single word or single sentence answers). All pupils in: Primary 7 – Age 11-12 UNEB (2016) United States of America (California) English Language Proficiency Assessments for California (ELPAC) Assessment of proficiency in English for non-native speakers. Includes listening, speaking, reading and writing. Paper-based, with a mixture of item types: short responses (1 or 2 sentences) and longer extended responses (1 or more paragraphs). Any non-native speaker of English is tested within 30 days of first enrolment into any class from kindergarten (age 5-6) through to grade 12 (age 17-18). The assessment is then repeated annually throughout school until the pupil is deemed fluent in English. California Department of Education (n.d.-b, n.d.- c) Example tests: California Department of Education (2018a) A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education 36 United States of America (California) California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress (CAASPP) b Yearly state-wide assessment of maths and English (including writing). Computer-based, with a mixture of multiple- choice, alternative format (eg clicking on sections of text), single paragraph and multiple paragraph extended response type items. All pupils in: Grade 3 – Age 8-9 Grade 4 – Age 9-10 Grade 5 – Age 10-11 Grade 6 – Age 11-12 Grade 7 – Age 12-13 Grade 8 – Age 13-14 Grade 11 – Age 16-17 CAASPP (n.d., 2016) Example test items: Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium (n.d.) United States of America (National) National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) National assessment of 10 subjects, including writing. Only some subjects are assessed in each year, with writing being assessed every 4-6 years (the last writing assessment was in 2017, and the next is scheduled for 2021). Computer-based assessment, with each pupil completing 2 extended-response type items. A random stratified sample of pupils in: Grade 4 – Age 9-10 Grade 8 – Age 13-14 Grade 12 – Age 17-18 A nationally representative sample of schools is selected with regards to region, ethnic composition, and student achievement. For each school selected, around 10 pupils are sampled per grade per subject. NCES (2018a, 2018b) NAGB (2017b) Example tests: NCES (2018c) a CXC membership countries include Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago and Turks and Caicos Islands b The main component of the CAASPP is also known as ‘Smarter Balanced Summative Assessments’ A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education 37 Table 2. Uses and Stakes/Accountability Jurisdiction & assessment Intended uses Stakes/Accountability Australia – NAPLAN Computer-based test “[The NAPLAN] provides information for parents, teachers, and schools on individual student progress… [to] know how well their students are performing, compared with other children across Australia, and if there are areas where a child needs support and further assistance… [It] also gives… ministers the information they need to provide greater support for schools or students in specific areas or years” (NAP, 2016c). While not necessarily high-stakes by design, the fact that school results are published online (allowing for comparisons between schools to be made) means that the stakes of the NAPLAN has become raised for many stakeholders (discussed by Thompson, 2013). “[Pupils do] not receive a pass or fail classification from ACARA after a NAPLAN test. However, their results are used for various purposes by jurisdictions and schools including the granting of access to selective educational programs and targeted teaching. ” (ACARA, personal communication, December 19 th , 2018). Canada (Ontario) – JDA Paper-based test “The purpose of the [JDA] (Grades 4–6) is to assess the level at which students are meeting curriculum expectations in reading, writing and mathematics at the end of the junior division (up to the end of Grade 6).” (EQAO, 2007, p. 6). In addition to attitudinal and behavioural surveys, the achievement data of the JDA is used to help determine instructional strategies, planning, and resource allocation (EQAO, personal communication, January 11 th , 2019). Results do not count towards indi vidual pupils’ grades, however outcomes are used to “strengthen the accountability of the public education system” (EQAO, 2014). Results for each pupil are also sent to each student’s parents (EQAO, 2018b). Reports are published which show how schools are performing year over year, within their school board and the province (see www.eqao.com/en ). EQAO also reports the results of the provincial assessments publicly. This helps keep the public education system accountable to taxpayers (EQAO, personal communication, March 26 th , 2019). A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education 38 Caribbean Examinations Council (CXC) – CPEA Portfolio “The CPEA will provide the foundation for a seamless transition to secondary education and facilitate portability of qualifications across the Caribbean Region. It will: 1. assist with the quality measures in the primary education system; 2. offer a common measure across schools and territories in the region; 3. respond to the calls for a regional assessment at the primary level.” (CXC, 2016, p. 1) Outcomes are used for teacher/school accountability. Some media reports suggests pressure on schools to maintain their ranking, and on pupils to succeed (eg Searchlight, 2014; Vincentian, 2017). England – KS2 Portfolio “The tests help measure the progress pupils have made and identify if they need additional support in a certain area. The tests are also used to assess schools’ performance and to produce national perfor mance data.” (STA, 2018, p. 3) Outcomes contribute to primary school accountability measures. Increased pressure/workload for teachers as a result of this accountability has been noted (House of Commons Education Committee, 2017). Hong Kong – TSA Paper-based test At the territory-wide level, TSA is used to help inform the government with regards to setting education policies, allocating funding and resources, reviewing the curriculum, and to use data for research. At the school level, TSA is used to help schools understand their pupils’ strengths and weaknesses (as a cohort) (HKEAA, personal communication, January 9 th , 2019). “[The] TSA isn’t meant to rank schools and students [and] it doesn’t affect the allocation of [secondary school] places” (HKEAA, n.d.-a, Video 1). Extra tuition specifically for the TSA is actively discouraged by the assessment authority; it is very much promoted as being a low-stakes test (HKEAA, n.d.-a, n.d.-b) . “TSA doesn’t assess schools or teachers [and is not a] performance appraisal report” (HKEAA, n.d.- a, Video 6). New Zealand – e-asTTle “e-asTTle provides teachers and school leaders with information that can be used to inform learning programmes and to apply teaching The test is optional, with no pressure for schools to make outcomes publicly available. A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education 39 Computer-based test practice that maximises individual student learning. Schools using e-asTTle have found it to be a great tool for planning purposes, for helping students to understand their progress, and for involving parents in discussions about how well their children are doing.” (New Zealand Ministry of Education, n.d.-a). “The Ministry [of Education’s] use of information in the e-asTTle dataset is predominantly for research purposes… [for example] to develop insights on how students of different characteristics are progress ing… The outputs of this type of research will feed into internal policy discussions, as well as being published.” “The Ministry [of Education] does not use e-asTTle data to identify the performance of individual students, schools or teachers. ” (New Zealand Ministry of Education, personal communication, January 8 th , 2019) Pakistan – NAT Paper-based test The objectives of the [NAT] are to inform policymakers on the correlations between geography/gender and performance, to monitor standards, to inform funding allocation, and to provide information for teachers on how to improve student performance (Pakistan Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training, 2016b) . “[The NAT] is ‘low-stakes’… for individuals (but ‘high-stakes for the nation)… It is not an assessment of individuals – whether students, teachers, or schools; or a ‘high-stakes’ examination… for promotion or selection” (Pakistan Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training, 2016b) . Philippines – NAT Paper-based test “The test aims to: 1) provide empirical information on the achievement level of pupils… to serve as guide for policy makers, administrators, curriculum planners, supervisors, principals and teachers in their respective courses of action; 2) identify and analyze variations on achievement levels across the Schools are held accountable on their outcomes (Benito, 2010), so the test would seem to be high stakes. A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education 40 years by region, division, school and other variables; 3) determine the rate of improvement in basic education” (Benito, 2010, p. 7) . Scotland – SNSA Computer-based test “At a classroom level, the information provided from children and young people’s assessments will help teachers to understand how children are progressing in… reading, writing and numeracy … School level data will be available to teachers and local authorities to help them tailor their own improvement planning. Scottish Government will have access to national level data only. This is to help identify trends, drive national policy and improve ment priorities… and will, in turn, inform the type and level of national support required.” (SNSA, n.d.-a) The assessments are designed to be diagnostic and formative in that they can support planning of next steps in learning when considered alongside wider assessment evidence (SNSA, personal communication, January 29 th , 2019). “The assessments are not ‘high stakes tests’. The results do not determine any key future outcomes for students, such as which school they go to, or whether they can progress to the next level. There is no pass or fail. Children are not expected to revise or prepare for assessments. They will simply continue to undertake routine classroom learning activities.” (SNSA, n.d.-a) Singapore – PSLE Paper-based test “The PSLE assesses how much students have learnt over six years of primary education and whether they have acquired a sufficient academic foundation to access and benefit from secondary education. It also helps students, parents and teachers to determine w here each child’s strengths lie and tailor secondary school education to best suit a child’s learning needs, so that students can receive the necessary support.” (Singapore Ministry of Education, 2016a). Various efforts have been taken to lower the stakes of the tests. These include reduced reporting of outcomes and introducing wider grade bands to discourage pupil rankings and stress based on small mark differences. (Singapore National Library Board, 2016). Nevertheless, outcomes still affect progression, and so do remain high stakes (Singapore Ministry of Education, 2016b, and SEAB, personal communication, December 31st, 2018). A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education 41 Trinidad & Tobago – SEA Paper-based test “The Secondary Entrance Assessment (SEA) Examination is used to facilitate the placement of students in Secondary Schools throughout Trinidad and Tobago.” (Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, 2018) Scores have a direct impact on secondary school placements for pupils (Republic Of Trinidad & Tobago Ministry Of Education, 2017b) . Uganda – PLE Paper-based test “A student’s score on the government test at end of primary 7 serves as kind of “admission” test for private schools and some government schools (which are not to be confused with USE schools.)” (LaMendola, 2014) Outcomes affect pupil progression to secondary school. Competition also seems to exist between primary schools in securing the best outcomes (The Observer, 2018). United States of America (California) – ELPAC Paper-based test “Identifying students who need help learning in English is important so these students can get the extra help they need to do well in school and access the full curriculum” (California Department of Education, n.d.-c). Outcomes do not seem to be high stakes for either individuals or for schools. United States of America (California) – CAASPP Computer-based test “[The CAASPP can] help facilitate conversations between parents/guardians and teachers about student performance; Serve as a tool to help parents/guardians and teachers work together to improve student learning; Help schools and school districts identify strengths and areas that need improvement in their educational programs; Provide the public and policymakers with information about student achievement” (CAASPP, 2016, p. 5) . The CAASPP does not seem to be high stakes for pupils, particularly those in primary education, however schools are required to report outcome data in their School Accountability Report Card (SARC), which is made publicly available online (California Department of Education, n.d.-a). United States of America (National) – NAEP Computer-based test “[The NAEP] provides the only national report on student achievement in a variety of subjects… [It] includes information on the performance of various subgroups of students at the national, “NAEP is designed to produce group scores, and is prohibited by Congress from reporting individual student results… By law, NAEP is forbidden to report individual school results, to influence A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education 42 sta te, and urban district levels.” (NAGB, 2017b, p. 43). “Because states and local education agencies determine thei r own curriculum and … student assessments within their respective jurisdictions, NAEP is used by local and national policymakers to understand the achievement of various student groups. [It gives] a clear sense of the degree to which that nation as a whole is meeting its goals in student writing achievement .” (U.S. Department of Education, personal communication, December 31 st , 2018) Educators, policymakers, and elected officials all use NAEP results to develop ways to improve education (NCES, 2017). curriculum, and to be used for high-stakes purposes” (NAGB, 2017a) . A review of approaches to assessing writing at the end of primary education 43 Table 3. The writing component: objectives, tasks, and marking/grading Download 0.91 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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