A theory of Just-in-Time and the Growth in Manufacturing Trade ∗
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V i
(s; x) = max p N ≥ 0 z ε p N y (p N )ε − p m c i [y(p
N )z − s] − p I y
N )[z − ε] + βV i N
(p N )[z − ε]; x dF (ε)
+ ε z p N y (p N )z − p m c i [y(p N )z − s] + βV i N (0; x) dF (ε). Guess V i N (s; x) = B + p m c i s over [0, z ∗ ], which implies V i N
value function yields the following: B = z ε p N y (p N )ε − p
m c i y (p N )z − p I y (p N )z + p I y (p N )ε + β B + p m c
y (p N )[z − ε] dF (ε) + ε z p N y (p N )z − p m c i y (p N )z + βB dF (ε). B can then be solved after some tedious algebra: B = (p N − p
m c i )y(p N )z 1 − β − y (p N ) p N − (βp m c i − p I ) z ε F (ε)dε 1 − β
. The maximized expected discounted value of the Non-JIT technology is then written as equation (10): V
N (s; x) =
y (p ∗ N ) 1 − β (p ∗ N − p m c i )z ∗ − p ∗ N − (βp
m c i − p I ) z ∗ ε F (ε)dε + p m c
s. Appendix B: Trade-to-Gross Output Ratio in Non-JIT vs. JIT In order to show equation (19), I show trade grows faster than gross output when switching from Non-JIT with international suppliers to JIT with international suppliers: T rade J IT
− T rade N on−J IT T rade N on−J IT > GrossOutput J IT − GrossOutput N on−J IT GrossOutput N on−J IT . Using equations (14) - (18), the LHS of the above can be rewritten as p m y (p ∗ J ) z ∗ ε εdF
(ε) + ε z ∗ εdF
(ε) − p m y (p ∗ N ) z ∗ ε εdF
(ε) + ε z ∗ z ∗ dF (ε)
p m y (p ∗ N ) z ∗ ε εdF
(ε) + ε z ∗ z ∗ dF (ε)
32 and the RHS can be rewritten as p ∗ J y (p ∗ J ) z ∗ ε εdF (ε) +
ε z ∗ εdF (ε) − p
I y (p ∗ N ) z ∗ ε (z ∗ − ε )dF (ε) − p ∗ N y (p ∗ N ) z ∗ ε εdF (ε) + ε z ∗ z ∗ dF (ε)
p I y (p ∗ N ) z ∗ ε (z ∗ − ε )dF (ε) + p ∗ N
(p ∗ N ) z ∗ ε εdF
(ε) + ε z ∗ z ∗ dF (ε)
. After some algebra, the LHS and RHS can be simplified to the following: y (p
J ) y (p ∗ N ) z ∗ ε εdF
(ε) + ε z ∗ εdF
(ε) z ∗ ε εdF
(ε) + ε z ∗ z ∗ dF (ε)
− 1 > p
∗ J y (p ∗ J ) y (p ∗ N ) z ∗ ε εdF (ε) +
ε z ∗ εdF (ε)
p I z ∗ ε (z ∗ − ε
)dF (ε) + p ∗ N z ∗ ε εdF (ε) +
ε z ∗ z ∗ dF (ε) − 1. Again, after some algebra, this simplifies to p I z ∗ ε (z ∗ − ε )dF (ε) + (p ∗ N − p ∗ J ) z ∗ ε εdF
(ε) + ε z ∗ z ∗ dF (ε) > 0,
which holds true when p ∗ N > p ∗ J . p ∗ J can theoretically be higher than p ∗ N . This will rarely be the case, however, since those firms choosing JIT are those with relatively lower air transportation costs, which means their p ∗ J ’s are likely to be greater than their p ∗ N ’s. Recall, of course, that switching from Non-JIT with international suppliers to JIT with international suppliers is not the only mechanism through which the trade-to-gross output ratio increases. Switching from JIT with domestic suppliers to JIT with international suppliers also increases the trade-to-gross output ratio. This switching effect does not enter the above derivation. 33
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