A01 cohe4573 01 se fm. Qxd

I (the level of imposition) influence the language of request.
[Sample learner response, originally written in L1 Japanese]
In Japanese, when S is equal and D is small (close
relationship), the language is hardly honorific with small I
and even with large I. But when the listener’s S is high and D
is large, honorifics are used regardless of the size of I. When S
is large but D is small, I observed that speakers use informal
honorifics rather than formal ones.
[Sample teacher feedback] Excellent observation!
2
Provide your hypothesis on how S, D, and I influence pre-request
strategies and post-request strategies.
12
Tanaka (1997).
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F U R T H E R I S S U E S I N L E A R N I N G , T E A C H I N G , A N D A S S E S S M E N T
1) Report of observation
Comments:
Excellent
Good
Needs more work
2) Understanding of cultural norms in the target language
Comments:
Excellent
Good
Needs more work
3) Understanding of the language of refusal softeners
Comments:
Excellent
Good
Needs more work
4) Analysis of cultural reasoning behind target culture 
norms (why people behave the way they do)
Comments:
Excellent
Good
Needs more work
[Sample learner response, originally written in L1 Japanese]
In Japanese when S is equal and D is small, the larger I is, the
higher the frequency of strategy use, and the smaller I is, the
lower the frequency used. In contrast, when S is large and D is
large, the chance of strategy use becomes high regardless of
the size of I.
[Sample teacher feedback] Very good analysis. Now how does
this apply to English? The influence of I in particular may be
different in different cultures.
Example 7
In the coming week, listen to how people around you refuse invitations
and jot down as many expressions as possible. In your journal, 1) report
your observation, 2) discuss any cultural norms that you think exist in
the community. Also, include in your writing 3) what you have seen/
heard people typically do/say to soften the blow of the refusals, and 
4) why you think people do/say it that way.