Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
42 Webster02.qxd 8/29/2003 10:21 AM Page 42 Risk Assessment Risk assessment aims to identify, assess, and manage risks that could affect the entity’s ability to reach its major objectives. Once risks are identified, management considers the signifi- cance of the risks, the probabilities, and ways to manage them. Management may address specific risks or it may decide to accept a risk because of cost or other considerations. Risks can arise or change due to changes in regulatory or operating envi- ronment, personnel, or information systems; to rapid growth; and to new technology, lines of business, products, or activities. Control Activities Control activities are the policies and procedures that guide employees’ actions to address risks and achieve management’s objectives. Control activities include segregation of duties and controls on information processing. Segregation of duties should create conditions where no one person is in a position to both perpetrate and conceal errors or irregularities in the normal course of processing information or data. This means procedures for separate custody, authoriza- tion, and recordkeeping. In information processing, the auditor looks for general con- trols, application controls to check accuracy, completeness, authorization controls over transactions, and document controls. Internal controls do have limits. Management can override them. If several employees collude, they can evade the controls. There are cost constraints as well. Finally, mistakes, including mistakes in judgment, can make a hash of controls. In the fieldwork phase, auditors conduct interviews with people responsible for maintaining and preparing financial statements and operational reports. The auditors use various audit techniques to sample, test, and analyze the company’s internal controls. Depending on company procedures, this could involve a paper chase using statistical methods to exam- ine a number of transactions or a computer program that puts several test inputs through the system. The audit team gives Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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