Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
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Accounting for Managers
46 What Type of Lemonade Stand Are You? This is an important question.The structure of Dick and Jane’s lemonade stand makes only a small difference in the type of financial statements they must prepare, but a large differ- ence in their legal and tax position. There are three main types of business organizations in the U.S.: sole proprietors, partnerships, and corporations.The sole proprietor is one person operating a business.There may be employees, but the proprietor will report revenues, expenses, and income on his or her personal tax return.The structure and accounting activities are largely tax-driven. Partnerships—and there are different flavors—are two or more people conducting a business. Certain operational expenses can be deducted through the partnership. Income flows through to the indi- vidual partners based on their agreement. Professionals—accountants, architects, doctors, and lawyers—commonly form partnerships. Corporations are distinct legal individuals. A corporation reports and pays taxes as required before distributing profit to owners. Several corporate entities combine features of all three. S corporations and limited liability companies (LLC) are two currently popular choices. The choice of entity, like the choice of accounting system, can have an impact on your tax, legal, and accounting requirements. Webster03.qxd 8/29/2003 5:32 PM Page 46 more footnotes explaining the arcane ins and outs of account- ing. As complicated as these things can get, it’s important to remember that the basic business is still there. Load, Wash, Rinse, Spin, Dry Financial statements are a chief end product of sequential steps generally called the accounting cycle. The accounting cycle details a series of repeated procedures on different kinds of data. This stable repetition helps meet the calls for reliability, relevance, and consistency, to tick off just a few of the GAAP mandates. We’ve already met most of the elements of the accounting transaction cycle. The cycle outlines the steps to be followed for receiving, entering, and presenting the transaction data that comes into the firm. The cycle ends with preparing for the next cycle. While different authors may assign different names and condense or expand certain areas, the accounting cycle will include the following steps: 1. Analyze business transactions. 2. Journalize transactions. 3. Post transactions to the ledger accounts. 4. Prepare a trial balance of the general ledger. 5. Analyze, prepare, and post the adjusting entries. 6. Prepare an adjusted trial balance. 7. Prepare the financial statements: income statement, bal- ance sheet, and statement of cash flows. 8. Journalize and post the closing entries. 9. Prepare a post-closing trial balance. We learned in Chapter 1 there would be a flow of gozintas and gozoutas that we would visualize and fit into the accounting equation, or its corollary, the revenue proposition. Once the transaction is analyzed, the whole is recorded in the general journal. Then, the accounting system, either a computer or a Cratchit, groups each relevant piece of that transaction into individual account ledgers. These individual ledgers are then summed in the general ledger. Download 3.03 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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