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1-Table. Phenology development of the Eurygaster integriceps at Chalish district in 2022

District

March

April

May

June

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

1

2

3

G

G

S

T

T

H

H

A

A

GF

Chalish

(+)

(+)

(+)

(+)

+

+

+

+

.

. (-)

. (-)

(-)

(-) +

(-) +

(-) (+)

Conditional characters of Eurygaster integriceps (+) - a mature breed in the resting period + – flight of a mature breed · - egg period (-) – young larvae

Development stages of wheat

G- Germination; S-Seedling Stages; T-Tillering; SE-Stem Elongation Stages;

H- Heading; A-Anthesis Stages; GF-Grain Filling Stage

In late summer/autumn (June-October), adult E. integriceps fly from the wheat fields at low altitudes (or other cereal based crops) to mountainous areas, to over-winter through subzero temperatures under low shrubs. In some regions the bugs can travel to altitudes as high as 2000 m above sea level [3, p. 271-287]. In the mountainous regions there may be two stages of over-wintering. At the end of the first stage (aestivation) in mid-October, the bugs migrate to lower altitudes to escape the colder temperatures, and begin the second stage. E. integriceps adults over-winter for up to 9 months in total. [10 p. 32-37]
If over-wintering sites such as dense forest or mountainous regions are unavailable (e.g. around Baghdad, some regions of Syria and Ukraine), then E. integriceps can over-winter in the surrounding soil near fields, and in weeds or litter under any available plant. [2, p. 445-514; 8, p, 19-30]
Conclusion. According to the true bugs identified in the North - Western of Uzbekistan, research showed that the 5 species were discovered on wheat crop which includes; C. pudicus, C. fuscispinus, Eurydema ornate, Eurygaster integriceps, Graptostethus. The study of developing periods of Eurygaster integriceps Puton
showed that this bug started to emerge from the first ten days of March-April on wheat crop. Egg lays proceed from the 2nd ten days of April to the 2nd ten days of May. The first larvae appeared in the 2nd-3rd ten days of April, and larvae were found until the middle of June. The adult forms fly from the wheat fields at low altitudes at the end of June.

References:

[1]. Bisztray G, Vacke J, Gaborjanyi R. Wheat dwarf virus in Hungary. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica. 1991; 26: p.181-185
[2]. Brown, E.S., 1962. Researches on the ecology and biology of Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae) in Middle East countries, with special reference to the over-wintering period. Bull. Entomol. Res. 53, 445–514.
[3]. Critchley, B.R., 1998. Literature review of Sunn Pest Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Hemiptera, Scutelleridae). Crop Prot. 17, 271–287
[4]. Freier BH, Möwes TH, Moll E. The potential of predators in natural control of aphids in wheat: Results of a ten-year field study in two German landscapes. Biological control. 2007; 52:775-788
[5]. F.Ye, P.Kment, D.Rédei, Q.Xie. Diversification of the phytophagous lineages of true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) shortly after that of the flowering plants.
Cladistics 2022 v.38 no.4 pp. 403-428
[6]. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/wheat-production-by- country
[7]. Holzinger WE, Emeljanov AF, Kammerlander IZ. leafhoppers, planthoppers and cicadas. The family Cixiidae Spinola 1839 (Fulgoromorpha) a review. Denisia. 2002; 4: p.113-138.
[8]. Panafidin, K. A. (1976). Development of a chemical method of control of the noxious pentatomid in its hibernation sites. Zashchity Rastenii, 45, 19-30.
[9]. Sigsgaard L. A survey of aphids and aphid parasitoids in cereal fields in Denmark, and the parasitoids’ role in biological control. Journal of Applied Entomology. 2002; 126: p.101-107.