Actual problems of modern science, education and training

Literature review. The choice of IoT technology and applications in the transport industry were considered in their works by Rakhmangulov A.N. [3] and Kupriyanovskaya Yu.V. [4]. In the work of Rakhmangulov A.N. comparisons were made between different types of rolling stock identification technology in the conditions of metallurgical enterprises, and as a result, radio frequency identification (RFID) turned out to be the most acceptable type. Kupryanovskaya Yu.V. in her work, the features of the use of IoT technologies for a smart container.
In works [5-8], the problems of using the Internet of things in the field of logistics were considered. Taking into account the specifics of the transportation of goods, depending on the type of transport, solutions are proposed to reduce the delivery time of goods. Articles [9-11] provide technical characteristics of the types of the Internet of things for comparison. The issues of using one or another wireless network are discussed based on the results of the comparison.
Research methodology. In this article, the object of study is the main railway of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It should be noted that at present, GPS trackers and fuel sensors are being actively installed on locomotives based on the cellular technologies of the Internet of things to control the management of the locomotive fleet. But the wagons are controlled based on the information sent by the operators, receiving agents or commodity cashiers. The reason for this is the power supply. The locomotives have their own power sources to charge the sensors, unfortunately, the wagons are not equipped with autonomous power supply.
This reason is not a big problem, since other suitable IoT technologies can be used to remotely monitor the positions and states of the wagons.
The main and popular IoT technologies are:

1. 
   Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN).
   
2. 
   Cellular communication (2G, 3G, 4G, 5G).
   
3. 
   Zigbee .
   
4. 
   Bluetooth and BLE.
   
5. 
   Wi Fi _
   
6. 
   RFID.
   

Key features of the systems

1. 
   Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) .
   

This technology provides long-distance communication (up to 15 km) and low power consumption for sent and incoming information. This technology is quite new, but is already being used worldwide for asset tracking, environmental monitoring, facility management, presence detection, consumables monitoring.
LPWAN is suitable for use cases that do not require high bandwidth and to some extent do not take into account instantaneous alerts.

2. 
   Cellular (3G/4G/5G)
   

Mobile communication has been used by society for a long time, having proven itself to be a reliable type of communication. The main advantages are the range and

the amount of transmitted information. Since the range of action and the amount of transmitted information is greater compared to other technologies, there are correspondingly more operating costs and energy costs.

Cellular communications in most cases are not suitable for systems where self- powered sensors are required. They are well suited for monitoring cars and other self- propelled rolling stock.

3. 
   Zigbee and other network protocols
   

Zigbee is a type of medium range wireless communication (<100m). It is currently being used effectively for home automation, smart lighting, energy management and home sensors.

4. 
   Bluetooth and BLE
   

BLE is a well-known type of wireless network that operates over short distances. It is a Low -Energy communication type designed for small consumer IoT applications. The BLE network is mainly used in combination with electronic means as an additional function of this device.

5. 
   WiFi
   

Another among the popular wireless technologies with high-speed data transfer. Used to connect gadgets, sensors for smart home and for internet distribution. Differs in big energy consumption and smaller coverage of action.

6. 
   RFID
   

Radio frequency identification consists of two main elements - a tag and a reader of information from tags. Reading distances up to 10 meters. Aptly attached to the object of identification, thereby the identification of objects by location is carried out. Applications for this technology include smart shelves, supply chain management and smart warehouse.