Agensi antidadah kebangsaan kementerian dalam negeri

Number of Siblings
A number of studies have concluded that family size is a factor in
delinquent behavior (see Jenkins, 1995 for details). In large families
(four or more children), parents may have less time to attend teacher
conferences and PIBG (Parent-Teacher Association) meetings, to check
on homework, or to monitor the school discipline problems of each
child and may have less money to buy basic necessities. Furthermore,
Jenkins (1995) reported that parents of large families have less time to
supervise their children, thus leave the setting of behavioral standards
to older siblings, peers or schools. For these reasons, it is predicted
that students who commit drug abuse come from large families (four
or more siblings) and not from small families (less than four siblings).
Parental Vocational Status
There aren't any direct studies investigating the role of parents'
vocational status in the students' involvement in delinquent behaviors.
However, studies investigating the role of socioeconomic status (SES)
of parents in relation to the students' achievement are abundant. Thus,
it can be deduced that if both parents are working, they may have higher
income thus making the SES of the family higher.

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SES seems to affect the amount and quality of verbal interaction
between parents and children (Papalia & Olds, 1998). Besides that, SES
is a powerful factor in educational achievement through its influence on
family atmosphere, on the choice of neighborhood, and on parents' way
of rearing children. Is the family stable and harmonious, or conflict-
ridden? Do the parents talk to their children? What goals do they have
for their children, and how do they help them achieve their goals? Do
parents show interest in schoolwork and expect children to go to college?
Whether a family is rich or poor, the answers to questions like these are
important; but the answers are more likely to be in favor of the higher-
income, better-educated family (White, 1982).
Children of poor and uneducated parents are more likely to
experience negative family and school atmospheres and more stressful
events (Felner et al., 1995). Thus, it is hypothesized that students who
come from a family whose parents are both working are more at risk to
drug abuse than those who come from a family with only one parent
working. If both parents work, they have less time to have quality
interaction with their children, and less time to be involved in their
children's schooling.