Andijon davlat chet tillar instituti

Gathering information (1): Tests
The most common way of gathering information for assessment is through tests; the usual criterion is an arbitrary level which the learner is expected to have reached; and the result is generally expressed through percentages.
Gathering information (2): Other sources
There, are, however, various problems with tests as a basis for summative evaluation: they are a one-off event which may not necessarily give a fair sample of the learner's overall proficiency; they are not always valid (actually testing what they say they are) or reliable (giving consistent results); and if they are seen as the sole basis for a crucial evaluation in the learner's career, they can be extremely stressful.
Other options do, however, exist. These are summarized below.
1. Teacher's assessment. The teacher gives a subjective estimate of the learner's overall performance.
2. Continuous assessment. The final grade is some kind of combination of the grades the learner received for various assignments during the course.
3. Self-assessment. The learners themselves evaluate their own performance, using clear criteria and weighting systems agreed on beforehand.
4. Portfolio. The learner gathers a collection of assignments and projects done over a long period into a file; and this portfolio provides the basis for evaluation.
Criteria
Having collected the 'evidence' of the learners' proficiency in one or more of the ways described above, the teacher has to decide how good it is? The following are some of the possibilities.
1. Criterion-referenced: how well the learner is performing relative to a fixed criterion, where this is based on an estimation of what it is reasonable or desirable to demand from learners at the relevant point in their development (age, career, level, stage of a course).
2. Norm-referenced: how well the learner is performing relative to the group. In this case, a group of slow learners would be assessed according to different, easier, norms than a group of faster ones.