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Mass media ethics
Massmedi aethi cs Medi aethi csi sthebestdi vi si onofappl i edethi csdeal i ngwi ththespeci fi cethi calpri nci pl es andstandardsofmedi a,i ncl udi ngbroadcastmedi a,fi l m,theatre,thearts,pri ntmedi aandthe i nternet.Thefi el dcoversmanyvari edandhi ghl ycontroversi altopi cs,rangi ngfromwar j ournal i smtoBenettonadcampai gns. Medi aethi cspromotesanddefendsval uessuchasauni versalrespectforl i feandtherul eof l awandl egal i ty. [1]Medi aEthi csdefi nesanddeal swi thethi calquesti onsabouthowmedi a shoul dusetextsandpi cturesprovi dedbytheci ti zens. Li teratureregardi ngthewaysi nwhi chspeci fi cal l ytheI nterneti mpactsmedi aethi csi n j ournal i smonl i nei sscarce,therebycompl i cati ngthei deaforauni versalcodeofmedi a ethi cs. [2] Thecreati vei ndustri esarecompeti ti ve,sousetheski l l sgai nedfromyourmedi astudi es degreeal ongwi thpersonaldetermi nati ontosucceed Jobopti ons Jobsdi rectl yrel atedtoyourdegreei ncl ude: Di gi talmarketer Medi abuyer Medi apl anner Medi aresearcher Musi cproducer Publ i crel ati onsoffi cer Runner,broadcasti ng/fi l m/vi deo Soci almedi amanager Tel evi si on/fi l m/vi deoproducer Webcontentmanager Jobswhereyourdegreewoul dbeusefuli ncl ude: Adverti si ngaccountexecuti ve Broadcastj ournal i st Edi tori alassi stant Eventmanager Fi l mdi rector Magazi nej ournal i st Marketresearcher Marketi ngexecuti ve Medi aresearcher Photographer UXdesi gner Wri ter Rememberthatmanyempl oyersacceptappl i cati onsfromgraduateswi thanydegreesubj ect, sodon' trestri ctyourthi nki ngtothej obsl i stedhere. Takeafewmi nutestoanswertheJobMatchqui zandfi ndoutwhatcareerswoul dsui tyou TryJobMatch Workexperi ence Medi ai sahi ghl ypopul ar( andthereforecompeti ti ve)fi el d,soexperi encei scri ti cal .You' l lneed tobemoti vatedandpersi stenti nyourappl i cati ons. Togai nworkexperi enceandbui l dupaportfol i oofwork,contactradi o,tel evi si on,newspaper, PRoradverti si ngagenci es( whi chevermatchyourcareerpreferences)andaskabout opportuni ti es.Lookoutforsummerpl acements,part-ti meandvol untaryopportuni ti eswhi l e onyourcourseduri ngthesummerhol i daysoreveni ngsandweekends.I tmayal sobeusefulto geti nvol vedwi thyouruni versi tyradi ostati on,paperorpubl i cati onsoffi ce. Somecoursesoffertheopportuni tytoundertakeaworkpl acementwi thamedi aorrel ated company.Thi sprovi desanexcel l entopportuni tytodevel oppracti calandprofessi onalski l l s andtomakei ndustrycontacts. Searchforpl acementsandfi ndoutmoreaboutworkexperi enceandi nternshi ps. Rel atedcasestudi es SamDarl aston KI SSFMDJ Typi calempl oyers Medi astudi esgraduatestypi cal l yentercareersi nthemedi a,cul turalandcreati vei ndustri es. Areasofworki ncl udetel evi si onandradi o,fi l mandvi deo,di gi talmedi a,computergames, j ournal i sm,wri ti ngandpubl i shi ng,PRandmedi apracti ce. Empl oyersi ncl ude: communi cati onsagenci es theCi vi lServi ce furtherandhi ghereducati oni nsti tuti ons,suchascol l egesanduni versi ti es l ocalgovernment marketi ngorgani sati ons medi acompani es thenewspaperi ndustry PRconsul tanci es publ i shi ngcompani es TVandradi ocompani es. Fi ndi nformati ononempl oyersi nmarketi ng,adverti si ngandPR,medi aandi nternet,and otherj obsectors. Ski l l sforyourCV Themi xoftheoryandpracti cei namedi astudi esdegreehel psyoutodevel opski l l si nthe fol l owi ngareas: cri ti calanal ysi s research commerci alandcul turalawarenessofthemedi aandcreati vei ndustri es teamwork i ni ti ati onanddevel opmentofcreati veworki nwri ti ng,audi ovi sualorotherel ectroni cmedi a afl exi bl e,creati veandi ndependentapproachtotasks theabi l i tytoworktoabri efandmeetdeadl i nes. Coursesfocusonthecommuni cati onofi nformati onacrossdi fferentmedi ums.Theabi l i tyto communi catei nformati oncl earl yandeffecti vel yi sanessenti alski l lal lempl oyersl ookfor. Furtherstudy Youmaychoosefurtherstudybecausei t' sessenti alforyourcareerpathorhi ghl ydesi rabl efor entryi ntoyourchosencareer,fori nstancei fyouwi shtogai nentrytoacareeri nteachi ngor medi al aw,ortobranchi ntoj ournal i smorpubl i crel ati ons. Successfulcompl eti onofpostgraduatestudydoesnotguaranteeentryi ntoanyparti cul ararea ofworkbuti twi l lenhanceyourski l l sandofferyoumorenetworki ngopportuni ti es.Consi der yourl ongertermcareerai mstodeci dei fi ti snecessaryforyou.I tmaybepossi bl etobui l dal l thenecessaryexperi enceyouneed,whi l ei nempl oyment. Fori nformati ononfurtherstudyandtofi ndacoursethati nterestsyou,seeMastersdegrees andsearchpostgraduatecourses. Whatdomedi astudi esgraduatesdo? Thetopj obshel dbymedi astudi esgraduatesempl oyedi ntheUKsi xmonthsaft Medi ai sahi ghl ypopul ar( andthereforecompeti ti ve)fi el d,soexperi encei scri ti cal .You' l lneed tobemoti vatedandpersi stenti nyourappl i cati ons. Togai nworkexperi enceandbui l dupaportfol i oofwork,contactradi o,tel evi si on,newspaper, PRoradverti si ngagenci es( whi chevermatchyourcareerpreferences)andaskabout opportuni ti es.Lookoutforsummerpl acements,part-ti meandvol untaryopportuni ti eswhi l e onyourcourseduri ngthesummerhol i daysoreveni ngsandweekends.I tmayal sobeusefulto geti nvol vedwi thyouruni versi tyradi ostati on,paperorpubl i cati onsoffi ce. Somecoursesoffertheopportuni tytoundertakeaworkpl acementwi thamedi aorrel ated company.Thi sprovi desanexcel l entopportuni tytodevel oppracti calandprofessi onalski l l s andtomakei ndustrycontacts. Ethi csi sthebranchofphi l osophythatdeal swi thmoralcomponentsofhumanl i feandusual l y i scal l edphi l osophyofthemoral i ty.Ethi csrefl ectsunderstandi ngsofthesoci etyaboutwhat i sandwhati snotcorrectwi thi nthecertai nactaswel lasdi fferencesbetweenagoodandevi l . I fyouaccusesomebodythathei sl azyanddoesnotdohi sj obwel l ,thatdoesnotmeanthat hehasi mmoralbehavi or.Fromothersi de,l yi ngandrobberyarei mpl i ci tofavi ol ati onof ethi calnorms.Thati swhyethi csi sveryoftendescri bedasanaggl omerateofpri nci pl esoras codexofmoralbehavi or. Ourconsci encei stel l i ngus,eveni nthefi el dofj ournal i sm( ofcoursei fwehavethat consci ence)veryofteni nbrutal l ycl earway,thattherei sasi gni fi cantdi fferencebetweenthe actsthatareaccurateonesandtheactsthatarewrong.Knowi ngethi calpri nci pl esandthe factsfromwhi chtheyhavebeenderi vedcanhaveani nfl uenceonourbehavi or. When,forexampl e,j ournal i sts“di ve”i ntosomeone’ sl i fe,thei rdeci si ontopubl i sh,andi ti s veryoften,unpl easentdetai l s,theyoftenj usti fythi swi ththe“peopl e’ sri ghttoknow. ”The probl emwi ththi stypeofj usti fi cati oni sthati tdoesnotanswerthequesti onofexactl ywhat doesthepeopl ehaveari ghttoknow,andbeforeeverythi ng,whydopeopl ehavetheri ghtto knowthi ski ndofi nformati on. Defi ni ti onOfEthi csAndI nseparabi l i tyFromJournal i sm Al lovertheworl dcodesofconducthavebeenproposedforj ournal i sts.I nfact,ethi csi s i nseparabl efromj ournal i sm,becausethepracti ceofj ournal i smi scenteredonasetof essenti al l yethi calconcepts:freedom,democracy,truth,obj ecti vi ty,honesty,pri vacy.I fthe properrol eofj ournal i smi sseenasprovi di ngi nformati on,thentheethi calquesti onsfocuson onei ssue:mai ntai ni ngthequal i tyofthei nformati on.Thi si ssuehasbecomeamatterof pol i ti calcontroversyandpubl i cconcern.Manypeopl ethi nkthemedi aarei naccurateand bi ased. TheRobertMaxwel lcasehasre-openedthei ssueofmedi aownershi p.Questi onsof censorshi pandfreedomofi nformati onhaveari seni nconnecti onwi thSpycatcher,thefi ght agai nstterrori smi nNorthernI rel andandthewarsi ntheFal kl andsandtheGul f.Notto menti oni ssueswi thI SI L. Therei smuchconcernaboutthetri vi al i zi ngandexpl oi tati verepresentati onofwomeni nthe medi a,etc.Thedi ssemi nati onanddi scussi onofi nformati onconcerni ngthemaj orprobl ems thatfacetheworl dandi tspeopl ei snecessarytoboththedemocrati cunderstandi ngandthe democrati cacti onwi thoutwhi chtheprobl emscannotbesol ved–wi thoutwhi ch,i nfact,they wi l lescal ate. Soherei sgreatopportuni tyforthemedi atocontri butetotheadvancementofpeace, prosperi tyandprogress.Wi thonefi fthoftheworl d’ spopul ati on–onebi l l i onpeopl e–i na stateofdi rephysi calneed,questi onsabouttheproducti on,di stri buti onandconsumpti on,the ownershi pandcontrol ,oftheworl d’ smateri alresourceswi l lconti nuetobeacentralrel evance andi mportancetopol i ti calagendas. Turni ngfromthegl obaltothenati onall evel ,wefi ndthatthei ssueofqual i tyi ssti l l i nescapabl e.Afreeandvi gorouspressandotherorgansofmassmedi aandmass communi cati onsareagreedtobeamongtheessenti ali ngredi entsofaheal thysoci ety. WhydoIusetheword“vi gorous“?Becausei ti scl earthatfreedomi snotsuffi ci ent:apress coul dbefree,yetti mi dortorpi d.Ethi csi snotj ustamatterofcodesofconduct( pl usormi nus sancti ons) ,andi ti snotj ustamatterofrul estobefol l owed.I thasmoretodowi thpri nci pl es concerni ngtheri ghtsandwrongsofhumanconduct,pri nci pl eswhi chhavesomereasoned theoreti calbasi sandwhi ch,therefore,appl yobj ecti vel yandi mparti al l y. Ethi csAsThePhi l osophyOfMoral i ty Al thoughdi fferentwri tersusethewords“ethi cs”and“moral s”i ndi fferentsenses,i nthi s arti cl ewewi l lmakethefol l owi ngdi sti ncti onstohel pavoi dequi vocati onorthesetermsi n ethi cal Thecorepri nci pl esofethi calj ournal i smsetoutbel owprovi deanexcel l entbaseforeveryone whoaspi restol aunchthemsel vesi ntothepubl i ci nformati onspheretoshowresponsi bi l i tyi n howtheyusei nformati on. Therearehundredsofcodesofconduct,chartersandstatementsmadebymedi aand professi onalgroupsoutl i ni ngthepri nci pl es,val uesandobl i gati onsofthecraftofj ournal i sm. Mostfocusonfi vecommonthemes: Fi veCorePri nci pl esofJournal i sm 1.TruthandAccuracy Journal i stscannotal waysguarantee‘ truth’ ,butgetti ngthefactsri ghti sthecardi nalpri nci pl e ofj ournal i sm.Weshoul dal waysstri veforaccuracy,gi veal ltherel evantfactswehaveand ensurethattheyhavebeenchecked.Whenwecannotcorroboratei nformati onweshoul dsay so. 2.I ndependence Journal i stsmustbei ndependentvoi ces;weshoul dnotact,formal l yori nformal l y,onbehal fof speci ali nterestswhetherpol i ti cal ,corporateorcul tural .Weshoul ddecl aretoouredi tors–or theaudi ence–anyofourpol i ti calaffi l i ati ons,fi nanci alarrangementsorotherpersonal i nformati onthatmi ghtconsti tuteaconfl i ctofi nterest. 3.Fai rnessandI mparti al i ty Moststori eshaveatl easttwosi des.Whi l etherei snoobl i gati ontopresenteverysi dei nevery pi ece,stori esshoul dbebal ancedandaddcontext.Obj ecti vi tyi snotal wayspossi bl e,andmay notal waysbedesi rabl e( i nthefaceforexampl eofbrutal i tyori nhumani ty) ,buti mparti al reporti ngbui l dstrustandconfi dence. 4.Humani ty Journal i stsshoul ddonoharm.Whatwepubl i shorbroadcastmaybehurtful ,butweshoul dbe awareofthei mpactofourwordsandi magesonthel i vesofothers. 5.Accountabi l i ty Asuresi gnofprofessi onal i smandresponsi bl ej ournal i smi stheabi l i tytohol doursel ves accountabl e.Whenwecommi terrorswemustcorrectthemandourexpressi onsofregret mustbesi ncerenotcyni cal .Wel i stentotheconcernsofouraudi ence.Wemaynotchange whatreaderswri teorsaybutwewi l lal waysprovi deremedi eswhenweareunfai r. Doesj ournal i smneednewgui del i nes? EJNsupportersdonotbel i evethatweneedtoaddnewrul estoregul atej ournal i stsandthei r worki naddi ti ontotheresponsi bi l i ti esoutl i nedabove,butwedosupportthecreati onofa l egalandsoci alframework,thatencouragesj ournal i ststorespectandfol l owtheestabl i shed val uesofthei rcraft. I ndoi ngso,j ournal i stsandtradi ti onalmedi a,wi l lputthemsel vesi naposi ti ontobeprovi de l eadershi paboutwhatconsti tutesethi calfreedomofexpressi on.Whati sgoodforj ournal i sm i sal sogoodforotherswhousetheI nternetoronl i nemedi aforpubl i ccommuni cati ons. Accountabl eJournal i sm Thi scol l aborati veproj ectai mstobetheworl d’ sl argestcol l ecti onofethi calcodesofconduct andpressorgani sati ons. TheAccountabl eJournal i sm. orgwebsi tehasbeendevel opedasaresourcetoongl obalmedi a ethi csandregul ati onsystems,andprovi desadvi ceonethi calreporti nganddeal i ngwi thhate speech. Vi si ttheAccountabl eJournal i smdatabaseofcodesofmedi aethi cs ReadmoreabouttheEthi calJournal i smNetwork’ smi ssi ontomedi astandardsi nthedi gi tal age. 14. 2Ethi calI ssuesi nMassMedi a Learni ngObj ecti ves Expl ai nthei mportanceofraci alandgenderdi versi tyi nmassmedi a. I denti fytheethi calconcernsassoci atedwi thraceandgenderstereotypes. Li stsomecommonconcernsaboutsexualcontenti nthemedi a. I nthecompeti ti veandrapi dl ychangi ngworl dofmass-medi acommuni cati ons,medi a professi onal s—overcomebydeadl i nes,bottom-l i nei mperati ves,andcorporatei nterests—can easi l yl osesi ghtoftheethi cali mpl i cati onsofthei rwork.However,asentertai nmentl aw speci al i stSherriBurrpoi ntsout,“Becausenetworktel evi si oni sanaudi ovi sualmedi umthati s pi pedfreei ntoni nety-ni nepercentofAmeri canhomes,i ti soneofthemosti mportant vehi cl esfordepi cti ngcul turali magestoourpopul ati on( Burr,2001) . ”Consi deri ngthe profoundi nfl uencemassmedi al i ketel evi si onhaveoncul turalpercepti onsandatti tudes,i ti s i mportantforthecreatorsofmedi acontenttograppl ewi thethi cali ssues. Stereotypes,Prescri bedRol es,andPubl i cPercepti on TheU. S.popul ati oni sbecomi ngi ncreasi ngl ydi verse.Accordi ngtoU. S.Censusstati sti csfrom 2010,27. 6percentofthepopul ati oni denti fi esi tsraceasnon-Whi te( U. S.CensusBureau, 2010) .Yeti nnetworktel evi si onbroadcasts,maj orpubl i cati ons,andotherformsofmass medi aandentertai nment,mi nori ti esareoftenei therabsentorpresentedasheavi l y stereotyped,two-di mensi onalcharacters.Rarel yaremi nori ti esdepi ctedascompl ex characterswi ththeful lrangeofhumanemoti ons,moti vati ons,andbehavi ors.Meanwhi l e,the stereotypi ngofwomen,gaysandl esbi ans,andi ndi vi dual swi thdi sabi l i ti esi nmassmedi ahas al sobeenasourceofconcern. Thewordstereotypeori gi natedi nthepri nti ngi ndustryasamethodofmaki ngi denti calcopi es, andthepracti ceofstereotypi ngpeopl ei smuchthesame:asystemofi denti cal l yrepl i cati ng ani mageofan“other. ”Asrel atedi nChapter8“Movi es”aboutD.W.Gri ffi th’ sTheBi rthofa Nati on,afi l mthatrel i edonraci alstereotypestoportraySouthernWhi tesasvi cti msi nthe Ameri canCi vi lWar,stereotypes—especi al l ythosedi ssemi natedthroughmass medi a—becomeaformofsoci alcontrol ,shapi ngcol l ecti vepercepti onsandi ndi vi dual i denti ti es.I nAmeri canmassmedi a,theWhi temani ssti l lshownasthestandard:thecentral fi gureofTVnarrati vesandthedomi nantperspecti veoneverythi ngfromtrends,tocurrent events,topol i ti cs.Whi temal enessbecomesani nvi si bl ecategorybecausei tgi vesthe i mpressi onofbei ngthenorm( Hearne) . Mi nori tyExcl usi onandStereotypes I nthefal lof1999,whenthemaj ortel evi si onnetworksrel easedthei rschedul esforthe upcomi ngprogrammi ngseason,astartl i ngtrendbecamecl ear.Ofthe26newl yrel easedTV programs,nonedepi ctedanAfri canAmeri cani nal eadi ngrol e,andeventhesecondaryrol es ontheseshowsi ncl udedal mostnoraci almi nori ti es.I nresponsetothi somi ssi on,theNati onal Associ ati onfortheAdvancementofCol oredPeopl e( NAACP)andtheNati onalCounci lofLa Raza( NCLR) ,anadvocacygroupforHi spani cAmeri cans,organi zedprotestsandboycotts. Pressured—andembarrassed—i ntoacti on,theexecuti vesfromthemaj ornetworksmadea fastdashtoaddraci almi nori ti estothei rpri me-ti meshows,notonl yamongactors,butal so amongproducers,wri ters,anddi rectors.Fourofthenetworks—ABC,CBS,NBC,and Fox—addedavi cepresi dentofdi versi typosi ti ontohel poverseethenetworks’progress towardcreati ngmoredi verseprogrammi ng( Baynes,2003) . Despi tethesechangesandgreaterpubl i cattenti onregardi ngdi versi tyi ssues,mi nori ty underrepresentati oni ssti l lani ssuei nal lareasofmassmedi a.I nfact,thetrendi nrecent yearshasbeenregressi ve.I narecentstudy,theNAACPreportedthatthenumberofmi nori ty actorsonnetworktel evi si onhasactual l ydecreased,from333duri ngthe2002–2003seasonto 307fouryearsl ater( WWAY,2009) .Raci almi nori ti esareoftenabsent,peri pheral ,ortakeon stereotypedrol esi nf I nthi sessay,Idocumentshi ftsi nthepol i ti calmedi ascapeoftheUni tedStatesduri ngthepast fi fteenyears,focusi ngontheri seofparti santel evi si onnetworksandradi oshowsoftheLeft andtheRi ghtandtheri seofal ternati vemedi aandsoci alnetworki ngthatprovi dedawi de di versi tyofopi ni onandcri ti queofthedomi nantpol i ti calandcorporateorder.Iarguethatthi s shi fti ntheUSmedi ascapehel pedel ectBarackObama,whi chi nturni ntensi fi edcontestati on forandagai nstObamaandtheDemocratswi thi ncontemporaryUSpol i ti cs.Itheni ndi cate howBarackObamausedthemedi aandmedi aspectacl etosuccessful l ywi nthe2008and2012 USpresi denti alel ecti ons.Iconcl udewi thadi scussi onofhownewandal ternati vemedi acan hel ptopromotegenui nedemocrati cdebateandhel pdi ssemi natetheful lrangeof i nformati onandi deasnecessarytohavearobustl ydemocrati csoci alorder. Iconcl udewi thadi scussi onofhownewandal ternati vemedi acanhel ptopromote. . .theful l rangeofi nformati onandi deasnecessarytohavearobustl ydemocrati csoci alorder. Download 268.84 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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