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§ 6. Cumuleme in writing is regularly expressed by a paragraph, 
but the two units are not wholly identical. 
In the first place, the paragraph is a stretch of written or typed liter-
ary text delimited by a new (indented) line at the beginning and an 
incomplete line at the close. As different from this, the cumuleme, 
as we have just seen, is essentially a feature of all the varieties of 
speech, both oral and written, both literary and colloquial. 
In the second place, the paragraph is a polyfunctional unit of writ-
ten speech and as such is used not only for the written representa-
tion of a cumuleme, but also for the introduction of utterances of a 
dialogue (dividing an occurseme into parts), as well as for the in-
troduction of separate points in various enumerations. 
In the third place, the paragraph in a monologue speech can contain 
more than one cumuleme. For instance, the 

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following paragraph is divided into three parts, the first formed by 
a separate sentence, the second and third ones presenting cumule-
mes. For the sake of clarity, we mark the borders between the parts 
by double slash: 
When he had left the house Victorina stood quite still, with hands 
pressed against her chest. // She had slept less than he. Still as a 
mouse, she had turned the thought: "Did I take him in? Did I?" 
And if not — what? // She took out the notes which had bought — 
or sold — their happiness, and counted them once more. And the 
sense of injustice burned within her (J. Galsworthy). 
The shown division is sustained by the succession of the forms of 
the verbs, namely, the past indefinite and past perfect, precisely 
marking out the events described. 
In the fourth place, the paragraph in a monologue speech can con-
tain only one sentence. The regular function of the one-sentence 
paragraph is expressive emphasis. E.g.: 
The fascists may spread over the land, blasting their way with 
weight of metal brought from other countries. They may advance 
aided by traitors and by cowards. They may destroy cities and vil-
lages and try to hold the people in slavery. But you cannot hold any 
people in slavery. 
The Spanish people will rise again as they have always risen be-
fore against tyranny (E. Hemingway). 
In the cited passage the sentence-paragraph marks a transition from 
the general to the particular, and by its very isolation in the text ex-
pressively stresses the author's belief in the invincible will of the 
Spanish people who are certain to smash their fascist oppressors in 
the long run. 
On the other hand, the cumuleme cannot be prolonged beyond the 
limits of the paragraph, since the paragraphal border-marks are the 
same as those of the cumuleme, i.e. a characteristic finalising tone, 
a pause of two and a half moras. Besides, we must bear in mind 
that both multicumuleme paragraphs and one-sentence paragraphs 
are more or less occasional features of the monologue text. Thus, 
we return to our initial thesis that the paragraph, although it is a lit-
erary-compositional, not a purely syntactic unit of the text, still as a 
rule presents a cumuleme; the two units, if not identical, are closely 
correlative. 

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