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party, or to both speakers themselves as a collective self-addressee, 
or having an indefinite addressee. E.g.: 
St. Erth. All the money goes to fellows who don't know a horse 
from a haystack. —Canynge (profoundly). And care less. Yes! We 
want men racing to whom a horse means something (J. Galswor-
thy). Elуоt. I'm glad we didn't go out tonight. Amanda. Or last 
night. El-yоt. Or the night before. Amanda. There's no reason to, 
really, when we're cosy here (N. Coward). 
Thus, the direction of communication should be looked upon as a 
deeper characteristic of the sentence-sequence than its outer, purely 
formal presentation as either a monologue (one man's speech) or a 
dialogue (a conversation between two parties). In order to under-
line these deep distinguishing features of the two types of se-
quences, we propose to name them by the types of sentence-
connection used. The formation of a one-direction sequence is 
based on syntactic cumulation of sentences, as different from syn-
tactic composition of sentences making them into one composite 
sentence. Hence, the supra-sentential construction of one-direction 
communicative type can be called a cumulative sequence, or a 
"cumuleme". The formation of a two-direction sequence is based 
on its sentences being positioned to meet one another. Hence, we 
propose to call this type of sentence-connection by the term "oc-
cursive", and the supra-sentential construction based on occursive 
connection, by the term "occurseme". 
Furthermore, it is not difficult to see that from the hierarchical 
point of view the occurseme as an element of the system occupies a 
place above the cumuleme. Indeed, if the cumuleme is constructed 
by two or more sentences joined by cumulation, the occurseme can 
be constructed by two 

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or more cumulemes, since the utterances of the interlocutors can be 
formed not only by separate sentences, but by cumulative se-
quences as well. E.g.: 
"Damn you, stop talking about my wife. If you mention her name 
again I swear I'll knock you down." — "Oh no, you won't. You're 
too great a gentleman to hit a feller smaller than yourself" (S. 
Maugham). 
As we see, in formal terms of the segmental lingual hierarchy, the 
supra-proposemic level (identified in the first chapter of the book) 
can be divided into two sublevels: the lower one — "cumulemic", 
and the higher one — "occursemic". On the other hand, a funda-
mental difference between the two units in question should be care-
fully noted lying beyond the hierarchy relation, since the oc-
curseme, as different from the cumuleme, forms part of a conversa-
tion, i.e. is essentially produced not by one, but by two or several 
speakers, or, linguistically, not by one, but by two or several indi-
vidual sub-lingual systems working in an intercourse contact. 
As for the functional characteristic of the two higher segmental 
units of language, it is representative of the function of the text as a 
whole. The signemic essence of the text is exposed in its topic. The 
monologue text, or "discourse", is then a topical entity; the dia-
logue text, or "conversation", is an exchange-topical entity. The 
cumuleme and occurseme are component units of these two types 
of texts, which means that they form, respectively, subtopical and 
exchange-sub-topical units as regards the embedding text as a 
whole. Within the framework of the system of language, however, 
since the text as such does not form any "unit" of it, the cumuleme 
and occurseme can simply be referred to as topical elements (cor-
respondingly, topical and exchange-topical), without the "sub "-
specification.