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§ 3. Sentences in a cumulative sequence can be connected either 
"prospectively" or "retrospectively". 
Prospective ("epiphoric", "cataphoric") cumulation is effected by 
connective elements that relate a given sentence to one that is to 
follow it. In other words, a prospective connector signals a con-
tinuation of speech: the sentence containing it is semantically in-
complete. Very often prospective connectors are notional words 
that perform the cumulative function for the nonce. E.g.: 

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I tell you, one of two things must happen. Either out of that dark-
ness some new creation will come to supplant us as we have sup-
planted the animals, or the heavens will fall in thunder and destroy 
us (B. Shaw). 
The prospective connection is especially characteristic of the texts 
of scientific and technical works. E.g.: 
Let me add a word of caution here. The solvent vapour drain en-
closure must be correctly engineered and constructed to avoid the 
possibility of a serious explosion (From a technical journal). 
As different from prospective cumulation, retrospective (or "ana-
phoric") cumulation is effected by connective elements that relate a 
given sentence to the one that precedes it and is semantically com-
plete by itself. Retrospective cumulation is the more important type 
of sentence connection of the two; it is the basic type of cumulation 
in ordinary speech. E.g.: 
What curious "class" sensation was this? Or was it merely fellow-
feeling with the hunted, a tremor at the way things found one out? 
(J. Galsworthy). 
§ 4. On the basis of the functional nature of connectors, cumulation 
is divided into two fundamental types: conjunctive cumulation and 
correlative cumulation. 
Conjunctive cumulation is effected by conjunction-like connectors. 
To these belong, first, regular conjunctions, both coordinative and 
subordinative; second, adverbial and parenthetical sentence-
connectors (then, yet, however, consequently, hence, besides, 
moreover, nevertheless, etc.). Adverbial and parenthetical sen-
tence-connectors may be both specialised, i.e. functional and semi-
functional words, and non-specialised units performing the connec-
tive functions for the nonce. E.g.: 
There was an indescribable agony in his voice. And as if his own 
words of pain overcame the last barrier of his self-control, he broke 
down (S. Maugham). There was no train till nearly eleven, and she 
had to bear her impatience as best she could. At last it was time to 
start, and she put on her gloves (S. Maugham). 
Correlative cumulation is effected by a pair of elements one of 
which, the "succeedent", refers to the other, the 

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"antecedent", used in the foregoing sentence; by means of this ref-
erence the succeeding sentence is related to the preceding one, or 
else the preceding sentence is related to the succeeding one. As we 
see, by its direction correlative cumulation may be either retrospec-
tive or prospective, as different from conjunctive cumulation which 
is only retrospective. 
Correlative cumulation, in its turn, is divided into substitutional 
connection and representative connection. Substitutional cumula-
tion is based on the use of substitutes. E.g.: 
Spolding woke me with the apparently noiseless efficiency of the 
trained housemaid. She drew the curtains, placed a can of hot water 
in my basin, covered it with the towel, and retired (E. J. Howard). 
A substitute may have as its antecedent the whole of the preceding 
sentence or a clausal part of it. Furthermore, substitutes often go 
together with conjunctions, effecting cumulation of mixed type. 
E.g.: 
And as I leaned over the rail methought that all the little stars in the 
water were shaking with austere merriment. But it may have been 
only the ripple of the steamer, after all (R. Kipling). 
Representative correlation is based on representative elements 
which refer to one another without the factor of replacement. E.g.: 
She should be here soon. I must tell Phipps, I am not in to any one 
else (O. Wilde). I went home. Maria accepted my departure indif-
ferently (E. J. Howard). 
Representative correlation is achieved also by repetition, which 
may be complicated by different variations. E.g.: 
Well, the night was beautiful, and the great thing not to be a pig. 
Beauty and not being a pig\ Nothing much else to it (J. Galswor-
thy).