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§ 7. Comparing the syntactico-distributional classification of words 
with the traditional part of speech division of words, one cannot 
but see the similarity of the general schemes of the two: the opposi-
tion of notional and functional words, the four absolutely cardinal 
classes of notional words (since numerals and pronouns have no 
positional functions of their own and serve as pro-nounal and pro-
adjectival elements), the interpretation of functional words as syn-
tactic mediators and their formal representation by the list. 
However, under these unquestionable traits of similarity are dis-
tinctly revealed essential features of difference, the proper evalua-
tion of which allows us to make some important generalisations 
about the structure of the lexemic system of language. 
§ 8. One of the major truths as regards the linguistic mechanism 
arising from the comparison of the two classifications is the ex-
plicit and unconditional division of the lexicon into the notional 
and functional parts. The open character of the notional part of the 
lexicon and the closed character of the functional part of it (not ex-
cluding the intermediary field between the two) receives the strict 
status of a formal grammatical feature. 
The unity of notional lexemes finds its essential demonstration in 
an inter-class system of derivation that can be presented as a for-
mal four-stage series permeating the lexicon and reflected in regu-
lar phrase correlations. Cf.: 
a recognising note — a notable recognition — to note recognis-
ingly — to recognise notably; silent disapproval — disapproving 
silence — to disapprove silently — to silence disapprovingly; etc. 
This series can symbolically be designated by the formula St 
(n.v.a.d.) where St represents the morphemic stem of 

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the series, while the small letters in parentheses stand for the deri-
vational features of the notional word-classes (parts of speech). 
Each stage of the series can in principle be filled in by a number of 
lexemes of the same stem with possible hierarchical relations be-
tween them. The primary presentation of the series, however, may 
be realised in a four-unit version as follows: 
strength — to strengthen — strong — strongly peace — to appease 
— peaceful — peacefully nation — to nationalise — national — 
nationally friend — to befriend — friendly — friendly, etc. 
This derivational series that unites the notional word-classes can be 
named the "lexical paradigm of nomination". The general order of 
classes in the series evidently corresponds to the logic of mental 
perception of reality, by which a person discriminates, first, objects 
and their actions, then the properties of the former and the latter. 
Still, as the actual initial form of a particular nomination paradigm 
within the general paradigmatic scheme of nomination can prove a 
lexeme of any word-class, we are enabled to speak about the con-
crete "derivational perspective" of this or that series, i. e. to iden-
tify nomination paradigms with a nounal (N-V), verbal (V→), ad-
jectival (A→), and adverbial (D→) derivational perspectives. Cf.: 
N→ 
power — to empower — powerful — powerfully 
V→ 
to suppose —supposition — supposed — supposedly 
A→ 
clear — clarity — to clarify — clearly 
D→ 
out — outing — to out — outer 
The nomination paradigm with the identical form of the stem for 
all the four stages is not represented on the whole of the lexicon; in 
this sense it is possible to speak of lexemes with a complete para-
digm of nomination and lexemes with an incomplete paradigm of 
nomination. Some words may even stand apart from this paradigm, 
i.e. be nominatively isolated (here belong, for instance, some sim-
ple adverbs). 
On the other hand, the universal character of the nomination para-
digm is sustained by suppletive completion, both lexemic and 
phrasemic. Cf.: 
an end — to end----final — finally 
good — goodness well — to better 
evidence — evident — evidently -- to make evident 
wise — wisely — wisdom- to grow wise, etc. 

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The role of suppletivity within the framework of the lexical para-
digm of nomination (hence, within the lexicon as a whole) is ex-
tremely important, indeed. It is this type of suppletivity, i.e. lex-
emic suppletivity, that serves as an essential factor of the open 
character of the notional lexicon of language.