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§ 9. Functional words re-interpreted by syntactic approach also re-
veal some important traits that remained undiscovered in earlier 
descriptions. 
The essence of their paradigmatic status in the light of syntactic in-
terpretation consists in the fact that the lists of functional words 
may be regarded as paradigmatic series themselves — which, in 
their turn, are grammatical constituents of higher paradigmatic se-
ries on the level of phrases and especially sentences. 
As a matter of fact, functional words, considered by their role in 
the structure of the sentence, are proved to be exposers of various 
syntactic categories, i.e. they render structural meanings referring 
to phrases and sentences in constructional forms similar to deriva-
tional (word-building) and relational (grammatical) morphemes in 
the composition of separate words. Cf.: 
The words were obscure, but she understood the uneasiness that 
produced them.→ The words were obscure, weren't they? How 
then could she understand the uneasiness that produced them?→ 
Or perhaps the words were not too obscure, after all? Or, con-
versely, she didn't understand the uneasiness that produced 
them?→ But the words were obscure. How obscure they were! Still 
she did understand the uneasiness that produced them. Etc. 
This role of functional words which are identified not by their 
morphemic composition, but by their semantico-syntactic features 
in reference to the embedding constructions, is exposed on a broad 
linguistic basis within the framework of the theory of paradigmatic 
syntax (see further). 
§ 10. Pronouns considered in the light of the syntactic principles 
receive a special systemic status that characteristically stamps the 
general presentation of the structure of the lexicon as a whole. 
Pronouns are traditionally recognised on the basis of indicatory 
(deictic) and substitutional semantic functions. 

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The two types of meanings form a unity, in which the deictic se-
mantics is primary. As a matter of fact, indication is the semantic 
foundation of substitution. 
As for the syntactic principle of the word stock division, while rec-
ognising their deictic aspect, it lays a special stress on the substitu-
tive features of pronouns. Indeed, it is the substitutional function 
that immediately isolates all the heterogeneous groups of pronouns 
into a special set of the lexicon. 
The generalising substitutional function of pronouns makes them 
into syntactic representatives of all the notional classes of words, 
so that a pronominal positional part of the sentence serves as a 
categorial projection of the corresponding notional subclass identi-
fied as the filler set of the position in question. It should be clearly 
understood that even personal pronouns of the first and second per-
sons play the cited representative role, which is unambiguously ex-
posed by examples with direct addresses and appositions. Cf.: 
I, Little Foot, go away making noises and tramplings. Are you 
happy, Lil? 
Included into the system of pronouns are pronominal adverbs and 
verb-substitutes, in due accord with their substitutional functions. 
Besides, notional words of broad meaning are identified as forming 
an intermediary layer between the pronouns and notional words 
proper. Broad meaning words adjoin the pronouns by their substi-
tutional function. Cf.: 
I wish at her age she'd learn to sit quiet and not do things. Flora's 
suggestion is making sense. I will therefore briefly set down the 
circumstances which led to my being connected with the affair. 
Etc. 
As a result of these generalisations, the lexical paradigm of nomi-
nation receives a complete substitutive representation. Cf.: one, it, 
they... — do, make, act... — such, similar, same... — thus, so, 
there... 
Symbolically the correlation of the nominal and pronominal 
paradigmatic schemes is stated as follows: 
N — V — A — D — Npro — Vpro — Apro — Dpro.