Английского

§ 11. As a result of the undertaken analysis we have obtained a 
foundation for dividing the whole of the lexicon on the upper level 
of classification into three unequal parts. 
The first part of the lexicon forming an open set includes 

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an indefinitely large number of notional words which have a com-
plete nominative function. In accord with the said function, these 
words can be referred to as "names": nouns as substance names, 
verbs as process names, adjectives as primary property names and 
adverbs as secondary property names. The whole notional set is 
represented by the four-stage derivational paradigm of nomination. 
The second part of the lexicon forming a closed set includes substi-
tutes of names (pro-names). Here belong pronouns, and also broad-
meaning notional words which constitute various marginal subsets. 
The third part of the lexicon also forming a closed set includes 
specifiers of names. These are function-categorial words of various 
servo-status. 
Substitutes of names (pro-names) and specifiers of names, while 
standing with the names in nominative correlation as elements of 
the lexicon, at the same time serve as connecting links between the 
names within the lexicon and their actual uses in the sentences of 
living speech. 
CHAPTER V
NOUN: GENERAL 
§ 1. The noun as a part of speech has the categorial meaning of 
"substance" or "thingness". It follows from this that the noun is the 
main nominative part of speech, effecting nomination of the fullest 
value within the framework of the notional division of the lexicon. 
The noun has the power, by way of nomination, to isolate different 
properties of substances (i.e. direct and oblique qualities, and also 
actions and states as processual characteristics of substantive phe-
nomena) and present them as corresponding self-dependent sub-
stances. E.g.: 
Her words were unexpectedly bitter.— We were struck by the un-
expected bitterness of her words. At that time he was down in his 
career, but we knew well that very soon he would be up again.— 
His career had its ups and downs. The cable arrived when John was 
preoccupied with the arrangements for the party.— The arrival of 
the cable interrupted his preoccupation with the arrangements for 
the party. 
This natural and practically unlimited substantivisation 

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force establishes the noun as the central nominative lexemic unit of 
language.