Another Polish Uprising 1863-1864: Another Polish Uprising

1863-1864: Another Polish Uprising

• 1863-1864: Another Polish Uprising

• Suppressed and Polish-Lithuanian territories excluded from reforms

• 1863: Finnish Diet restored and the Finnish language raised to national language

• 1867: Ems Ukaz banned publications in Ukrainian, Lithuanian, and Belarussian.

• Petersburg zemstvo became very assertive and critical.

• Alexander saw this as too much independence from nobility

Oct. 1870: Prince Gorchakov: no more Black Sea neutrality

• Oct. 1870: Prince Gorchakov: no more Black Sea neutrality

• 1873: Russia annexed Khiva

• 1875-1876: Balkan Christians rose up

• April 1877: Russia declared war on Ottomans

• January 1878: Ottomans defeated

• March 1878: Treaty of San Stefano

• June-July 1878: Congress of Berlin forced Russia to give up “Greater Bulgaria”

1860s-1870s: narodniki:

• 1860s-1870s: narodniki:

• Nostalgic about peasants and the commune.

• Saw 1861 as replacing nobles with capitalists, destroying “true Russia” and that peasants got a bad deal.

• 1873-75: Back to the People’s movement (Khozhdenie v narod)

• Clashed with peasants’ indifference and suspicion

• 1876: Land and Liberty (Zemlya I volya)

• Narodnaya Volya (People’s Will)

First assassination attempt:

• First assassination attempt:

• Dmitry V. Karakozov (1840-1866)

• Born in minor noble family

• Studied at Kazan University, 1861-1864

• Moscow University, 1864-1866

• Early 1866 joined Ishutin society (cousin Nikolai Ishutin)

• Tactic: “individualist terror”

• Issued proclamation: “To Brothers-Workers”

• 4 April 1866: attempted

• Osip I. Komissarov (enobled)

• Karakazov (convicted and hung)

Father was a government official

• Father was a government official

• Excellent student: won scholarship to study in St. Petersburg

• 1865: enrolled in Law Faculty at St. Petersburg University

• Quit because of lack of money

• Became a teacher in the provinces

• Deeply religious ascetic, then disillusioned

• 1876 joined "Land and Freedom”.

• 1877-1878: “went to the people” - the peasants of the Volga region.

• 20 April 1879: fired five shots, missed Alexander

• Arrested, tried, and hanged (28 May 1879)

Social revolution impossible without political revolution.

• Social revolution impossible without political revolution.

• Program:

• Constituent Assembly
• universal suffrage
• permanent people’s representation
• freedom of speech, press, and assembly
• communal self-government
• people’s volunteer army
• transfer of land to the people
• gradual placement of the factories under the control of the workers
• granting oppressed peoples of the Russian Empire the right to self-determination

Assassination attempts:

• Assassination attempts:

• December 1879: Narodnaya volya (People’s Will) blew up some dynamite under Tsar’s railroad, but missed his train.
• February 1880: Stephan Khalturin set off a charge under the dining room of the Winter Palace.
• late for dinner, the tsar was unharmed; although 11 other people were killed and 30 wounded.
• Seven attempts in total
• Last successful

Narodnaya volya’s persistent

• Narodnaya volya’s persistent

• Cheeseshop tunnel
• Andrey Zheliabov
• Sophiya Perovskaya
• Rysakov
• Grinevitskii
• Nikolay Kibalchich (bomb-maker)

• All major participants sentenced to death.