Architecture-Centric Evaluation of Blockchain-Based Smart Contract e-voting for National Elections
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5. Architecturecentric-evaluation-of-blockchainbased-smart-contract-Evoting-for-national-electionsInformatics
Keywords:
blockchain; smart contracts; electronic voting; Architecture Trade-o ff Analysis Method (ATAM), requirements engineering; software architecture 1. Introduction Credible elections are the foundation for lasting democracy and good governance. Elections in many developing countries are historically marred with di fficulties, errors, and institutional manipulations which reduces their credibility. E-voting has been proposed as a solution for many of the challenges of paper-based voting to ensure error-free and bias-free elections [ 1 ]. Conventional e-voting systems mostly rely on centralised system architectures, which make them susceptible to cyberattacks that target central infrastructures, such as distributed denial of service attacks (DDOS). In recent times, e-voting has been identified as one of the valid use cases of blockchain technology. The decentralised nature of blockchain, and its attributes of anonymity, and transparency make it a suitable approach to handle many of the di fficulties associated with conventional e-voting systems [ 2 ]. Blockchain-based e-voting architecture can potentially address most of the challenges of traditional voting systems and conventional e-voting. These include issues of voter’s authentication, verification of votes, protection of voter’s privacy, the security of votes, and integrity of election results. Several novel designs of blockchain e-voting systems and architectures have been proposed in the literature. In fewer cases, prototype implementations of blockchain e-voting systems have been reported while evaluations of blockchain e-voting systems were conducted, albeit on a small scale. All of these do not o ffer the guarantee that blockchain e-voting will succeed if applied in the context of Informatics 2020, 7, 16; doi:10.3390 /informatics7020016 www.mdpi.com /journal/informatics Informatics 2020, 7, 16 2 of 22 national elections. Thus far, proposals of blockchain e-voting that have focused on national elections are limited. The few cases that have been reported so far include Estonia, Turkey, India, and South Korea [ 3 ]. Moreover, studies that focused on the critical analysis of blockchain e-voting systems from the perspectives of real election stakeholders in the context of requirements of national elections rarely exist, this has created a situation where government decision-makers and election stakeholders do not have su fficient basis to understand the potential risks, challenges, and prospects of blockchain e-voting on a national scale. The research question of interest is: How can election stakeholders and decision-makers be enabled to understand the risks, prospects, and challenges of blockchain e-voting for elections in specific national contexts? The need to answer this question is a theoretical gap that requires the attention of researchers. Thus far, several proposals that advance the merits of blockchain e-voting have been reported. However, most of these are not derived from communal engagements with election stakeholders, and domain experts in a way that promoted collective reasoning on the potential risks, challenges, and prospects of blockchain e-voting for national elections. Conceptually, most of the research e fforts on blockchain e-voting have followed a methodical approach that entails the following (i) formulate an idea /concept (ii) design/implement a proof of the idea; (iii) show or explain how the idea /system will work (iv) in fewer cases, perform an evaluation; and (v) draw a conclusion that the idea /system is good. This conceptual approach to the topic of blockchain e-voting is not su fficient to enable election stakeholders, and government decision-makers to understand the potential risks, challenges, and prospects of blockchain e-voting for national elections. There is currently, a lack of a stakeholder-centric, and participatory approach to the design of blockchain e-voting solutions in a way that involves the participation of stakeholders, or elicits communication among election stakeholders. Thus, it is necessary to devise more stakeholder-centric approaches for the planning, design, and implementation of blockchain e-voting systems. It is particularly valuable if these approaches are applied at the very early stages of system planning and construction, such as requirements and architecture modelling, because more non-technical persons will be able to participate. This will promote shared understanding and collective ownership of the project objectives, and ultimately help to save costs [ 4 ]. It is easier to engage with stakeholders and less technical people at the level of requirements engineering and architecture design than the later stages of development that are more technically-oriented. The use of a stakeholder-centric approach can enable the participation of government-decision makers, election stakeholders, which will promote their understanding of the potential risks, prospects, and challenges of blockchain e-voting. This will ultimately equip them with the capacity to make informed decisions on issues of blockchain e-voting adoption. A very pragmatic way to promote communal engagement on the quality attributes of a system and associated risks is to employ the Architecture Trade-o ff Analysis Method (ATAM) [ 4 , 5 ]. ATAM uses elicited requirements to determine the extent and the potentialities of a system to satisfy its expected quality attributes through critical analysis by domain experts from an architectural perspective. The results of ATAM are quite useful for cost and benefit analysis, improvement of system design, and guidance in system implementation, software project management, and project-based decision making when it is used as a precursor to the actual system development process. Thus, in contrast to previous studies on blockchain e-voting, this paper introduces a stakeholder-centric approach that enables critical analysis of the suitability of blockchain-based e-voting for national elections. As a contribution, it demonstrates how ATAM can be used to enable election stakeholders to reason on the potential risks and critical quality attributes that are essential for successful blockchain e-voting implementation at a very early stage of planning. By selecting the nation of South Africa as a case study, this paper demonstrates how a rigorous, but yet lightweight, architecture-centric evaluation method can be applied at the formative stage of planning for decision-making on the adoption of blockchain for e-voting in context of national elections, which will be useful for government decision-makers. Informatics 2020, 7, 16 3 of 22 The rest of this paper is organised as follows: Section 2 gives an overview of the background and related work. Section 3 describes the adopted research design and presents a description of the blockchain-based architecture for national e-voting system (BANES). Section 4 is the report of the ATAM evaluation, while Section 5 discusses the findings of the ATAM evaluation. We present detailed security analysis of the BANES in Section 6 , while the implications of the study is presented in Section 7 . The paper is concluded in Section 8 with a brief note and an overview of future work. Download 1.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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