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Three-legged birds
How parrots turned their beak into an extra limb
There aren’t many three-legged animals out there. Parrots, though, could be
seen as a rare exception. New research shows how they have transformed their beaks
into something that functions as an extra limb for climbing trees.
It probably won’t be news to parrot fans that these adaptable, intelligent birds
use their beaks to climb. Indeed, Michael Granatosky, who leads the research group
at the New York Institute of Technology, says the work was inspired by observations
of his own pet parrot.
“That’s how I first saw this behavior,” he says. “To see something climb with
its head was super weird, so I really needed to figure out how they do it.”
The team’s work on rosy-faced lovebirds shows that their beaks are not used
as simple grappling hooks to maintain contact with the surface while their legs do
the hard work, but that they generate a lifting force equal to that produced by the
legs.
“They have to have neck muscles in place that can support body weight,” says
Granatosky. “In humans, neck muscles can only support 19 percent of body weight,
while for the parrots, it’s more like 70 percent. Also, in order to not pitch backward,
parrots have a uniquely strong bite force.”
He says that, unlike most climbing
birds such as woodpeckers, nuthatches,
and tree creepers, which hop up a tree with both feet at the same time, parrots are
striders – they use their feet alternately, which would leave only a single point of
contact with the tree at any one moment. “This
whole beak thing could be a
consequence of the fact that they couldn’t hop like a woodpecker.”
And neither do the rosy-faced lovebirds have arms in the way that primates
do. “We think of primates and parrots as having had
very similar evolutionary
histories – they are both ancient, arboreal lineages that show adaptations to life in
the trees,” says Granatosky’s colleague Edwin Dickinson. “It’s just that, due to the
anatomical constraints of being a bird, they’ve had to co-opt novel mechanisms to
facilitate climbing.”