Assessment Schedule – 2012 Classical Studies: Explain in essay format an aspect of the classical world (90513) Assessment Criteria Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Essay writing
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- Question Three Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence
- Topic E – Roman Religion Question One Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence
- Question Two Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence
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Question Two Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Examples of supporting evidence that lack specific detail might be:
required by surgeons in the ancient world. Just like today surgeons in the ancient world had to be highly educated. They had to know about the anatomy of the people that they were operating on and they had to know how to do things like sew up wounds and set broken limbs. One specific skill that surgeons in the ancient world were required to have, according to Celsus, was the ability to use their left hand as well as their right, because sometimes it was difficult to get to different internal organs. Also according to Celsus, they had to feel pity for their patients.
Although all points might not be this well developed, an example of supporting evidence that is specific and detailed might be:
required by ancient surgeon. Celsus sets out a number of qualities for a surgeon: they should be young, have a nimble but firm hand that does not shake and be able to use their left and right hands equally well. This is so that they can get to different internal parts of the body while they operate. They must also have good eyesight, because they are often required to look at very small veins, arteries and nerves. Celsus tells us that they must have certain personal qualities too, including courage because they must be prepared to cut at the right speed and to the right extent, even if the patient is screaming.
An example of in-depth discussion of a part of the question might include: The skills and personal qualities that were required by ancient surgeon. • No particular education or training was specifically required for a surgeon. Indeed, there was no board or group, which regulated medical practice in any way; a surgeon gained and maintained his reputation by word of mouth. • Knowledge of anatomy is clearly critical for surgeons who operate internally or act to set broken bones. The best training for this was study at Alexandria, where the resources of the library and practical experimentation gave surgeons both knowledge and training in specific skills.
• Celsus, writing in the 1 st century CE, outlines the specific skills and qualities needed by a surgeon. It should be noted that this branch of medicine was seen as a specialist branch. Evidence for this comes from part of the Hippocratic Oath (voluntarily taken by general physicians), which specifically entreats the oath taker ‘not to cut’ and to stand aside in favour of men ‘who specialise in this craft’. • Youth and agility are the first two requirements that Celsus sets out, to which he adds, perhaps not surprisingly, a hand that does not tremble. • Celsus also recognises that the conditions under which surgeons often operate means that they should have keen and clear eyesight, given the relatively poor light and small detailed work on internal organs required. • Above all else, as a personal quality, dauntless courage is a requirement for surgeons, but courage matched with a degree of sympathy for human suffering. • Celsus explains that a surgeon must feel pity ‘to the extent of wanting to cure’ the patient, but not to be induced to work faster or cut less than is necessary. • This also tells us that surgeons typically worked without anaesthetic. Opiates were known in antiquity, but an inability to regulate their precise impact meant that surgeons often preferred to use neither anaesthetic nor analgesic until after the operation. Other points may be made. The analytical quality of the argument is more important than the number of points listed.
NCEA Level 3 Classical Studies (90513) 2012 — page 13 of 16 Question Three Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Examples of supporting evidence that lack specific detail might be:
methods and geometry to explain the relationship between length and area. Socrates asks a slave to work out the area of a square, the sides of which are 2 units. He draws in the squares along this line and the slave correctly replies that the area is 4 square units. Socrates then asks the slave what the length of side of a square that has an area double the area of the original figure (ie, an area of 8 square units) will be. The slave incorrectly guesses a line 4 units long. Socrates proves that this is wrong. The slave then guesses 3 units, which is also wrong. Then, Socrates divides the square diagonally and shows the slave the correct answer, which is the square on the diagonal.
Although all points might not be this well developed, an example of supporting evidence that is specific and detailed might be:
Socrates shows a slave how the length of a line and the square, which can be drawn on that line are related, but not in the way expected. Socrates begins by drawing a line, which is 2 units long and then drawing a square on that line, proving that it has an area of 4 square units. He then asks the slave how long a line that is the base of a square will be, when the area of the square is double the original, ie 8 square units. The slave immediately answers a length of 4 units. Socrates proves that this is wrong by drawing the figure and indicating that 16 square units is the area measurement. The slave then guesses 3 units (mid way between 2 and 4), but is again shown to be wrong. Socrates then draws diagonal lines from corner to corner in the original square of 4 square units and asks the slave for the area, which he declares to be 2 square units. Socrates then repeats this process three further times with adjacent squares in order to show that the square on the diagonal of the original lines provides a square, the area of which is double the original figure.
An example of in-depth discussion of a part of the question might include:
the relationship between length and area. • Socrates is seeking to prove that mathematical and geometric knowledge is something innate for humans and that it can be extracted from even the dimmest human – a slave – by means of careful questioning. In short, this is an illustration of the Socratic method.
• Having established that doubling the length of a line increases its area exponentially – ie the length of the base of a square with area 4 square units is 2 units; by doubling the length of the base to 4 units, the area of the square does not double, but is quadrupled. • Socrates gives the slave a chance to guess two wrong answers (4 and 3) for the length of a side, at which point the slave admits defeat. • Socrates then takes the slave through a series of questions which draw out the answer from him. • Socrates sets next to each other four squares each with an area of 4 square units. He then divides the original square in half by dividing it from corner to corner with a diagonal line and repeats this in the three remaining squares. He then asks the slave whether he has a figure with 4 equal sides; the slave agrees and announces that it is a square.
• Socrates then has the slave count the area on the inside of the diagonal of each of the four squares. And the slave declares each to be 2 and that there are 4 of them, making a total area of 8 square units, the desired answer. • Socrates then draws out from the slave the general principle that the square on the diagonal is twice the area of the original. Socrates calls the diagonal the ‘diameter’, a term used by the sophists. • Socrates concludes by pointing out to the slave’s owner that what the slave did was ‘inside him’, and that Socrates had not told him anything, merely drawn out the answers by intelligent questioning. Other points may be made. The analytical quality of the argument is more important than the number of points listed.
NCEA Level 3 Classical Studies (90513) 2012 — page 14 of 16 Topic E – Roman Religion Question One Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Examples of supporting evidence that lack specific detail might be:
precautions taken not to offend the gods. The selection of the sacrifice had to be appropriate to the god or goddess whose favour was sought. Male animals were sacrificed to male deities and female to female; pure white animals were selected for gods of the upper air and pure black to those of the underworld. After the appropriate sacrifice had been determined, an animal was purchased. The animal, once decorated with garlands, was led through the streets to the temple. It was regarded as a good sign if it went willingly. If it struggled, or worse still broke free, the procedure would have to be repeated. The time of the kill was a tense moment as a half-killed beast or one that ran away could ruin the sacrifice.
Although all points might not be this well developed, an example of supporting evidence that is specific and detailed might be:
A sacrifice in fulfilment of a vow followed strict rules. The selection of the sacrifice had to be appropriate to the god or goddess whose favour was sought. Male animals were sacrificed to male deities and female to female; pure white animals were selected for gods of the upper air and pure black to those of the Underworld. In Virgil’s Aeneid, Aeneas sacrifices black victims before descending into Hades. After the appropriate sacrifice had been determined, an animal was purchased. To ensure the vitality of the gods was increased, the animal had to be healthy and vigorous. Deformity was seen as an insult to the gods. The animal, once decorated with garlands, was led through the streets to the temple. It was regarded as a good sign if it went willingly. If it struggled, or worse still broke free, then the animal was not auspicious and the procedure would have to be repeated. Precautions would also have to be taken to exclude foreigners and women. Cleanliness was essential; Livy tells the story of the Sabine who was cheated out of sacrificing a wonderful cow to Diana by a temple attendant who had told him to ritually cleanse himself first. The time of the kill was a tense moment as a half-killed beast, or one that ran away, could ruin the sacrifice. Any slip in procedure meant the entire ritual had to be repeated. In Virgil’s Aeneid, a sacrifice made by Dido where the holy water turned black and wine turned into blood gives an appreciation of how badly things could go wrong.
An example of in-depth discussion of a part of the question might include:
precautions taken not to offend the gods. • The sacrificial beast had to be appropriate for the deity in gender and colour. • The victim needed to be healthy to revitalise the deity and attractively presented. • Unsuitable spectators, who contaminated the ceremony, needed to be excluded. • The animal had to go willingly to death. • Extraneous noise had to be drowned out by music. • Incompetence on the part of the priest (eg, in reciting the prayer) and / or sacrificial attendants (eg, the cultrarius in killing the victim) might invalidate the sacrifice. • The entrails of the sacrificial beast might be defective and portend divine anger. • Expiation ceremonies might be required to correct an identified procedural error.
the argument is more important than the number of reasons listed.
NCEA Level 3 Classical Studies (90513) 2012 — page 15 of 16 Question Two Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Examples of supporting evidence that lack specific detail might be:
Virgins. The goddess of the hearth Vesta was represented by an eternal flame, which in the home was traditionally tended by a daughter of the household. The Temple of Vesta in the Forum and its flame represented the continuity of the community. The sacred flame was traditionally tended by women of the community as priestesses of Vesta. Six girls between the ages of 6 and 10 were chosen from leading families to serve as Vestal Virgins for a period of 30 years. They had to maintain a vow of chastity. While the lives of Vestals were severely regulated they were in fact some of the most liberated women in Rome, with many special privileges.
Although all points might not be this well developed, an example of supporting evidence that is specific and detailed might be:
The goddess of the hearth Vesta was represented by an eternal flame, which in the home was traditionally tended by a daughter of the household. It represented continuity of the family and its extinction was a serious matter. The Temple of Vesta in the Forum and its external flame represented the continuity of the community. The sacred flame was traditionally tended by women of the community as priestesses of Vesta. Six girls between the ages of 6 and 10 were chosen from leading families to serve as Vestal Virgins for a period of 30 years. They had to maintain a vow of chastity, for virginity did not necessarily mean sterility to the Romans; it seems to have been viewed instead as stored up fertility. The primary importance of maintaining the hearth and its fire was demonstrated after the Battle of Cannae when Hannibal inflicted one of the worst defeats on ancient Rome in its history. As Livy reported, the Vestals came under suspicion of misconduct contributing to the disaster. While the lives of Vestals were severely regulated they were in fact some of the most emancipated women in Rome. They were free of the power of their paterfamilias and while they could not inherit from their family (technically no longer one of them), a Vestal had the right to make a will. Vestals were also the only women who were allowed the right to drive a two-wheeled carriage through the streets and were proceeded by a lictor to clear the way before them. They were also provided with reserved seats on the Imperial podium at games, close to the action, while other Roman women were restricted to the top tiers.
An example of in-depth discussion of a part of the question might include: The role played by women in Roman religion – Vestal Virgins. • Vesta was worshipped in the home and in the Forum, linking in a unique way public and private religion: her sacred flame represented the continuity of both community and family. • The ritual programme of Vesta’s priestesses is better known than other priesthoods – reflecting the cult’s importance and very early origin. • Six Vestal Virgins had the critical role of serving the goddess over 30 years. They began service at 10, were of aristocratic birth and lived in the House of the Vestals. • Severe punishments were imposed for letting the flame out (whipping) and loss of virginity (buried alive). • Vestals prepared mola salsa, collected holy water and took part in the goddess’ ceremonies / festivals. • Although an honour, at various times there were difficulties in attracting candidates as Vestals. • Despite strict regulations associated with service, a number of privileges were also granted, not shared by other Roman women.
the argument is more important than the number of reasons listed.
NCEA Level 3 Classical Studies (90513) 2012 — page 16 of 16 Question Three Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Examples of supporting evidence that lack specific detail might be:
and to Judaism under the Empire. Eg, Judaism The Romans were generally tolerant of foreign religions and tended to accept the gods of the peoples they ruled over. However, a monotheistic religion like Judaism could not accommodate Roman religious practice because it allowed the worship of only one god and it had a very strict moral code. Followers of the traditional gods thought that refusing to honour Jupiter or the Emperor threatened peace with the gods and that dreadful punishments might result. They also found the code of behaviour required by Judaism, for example the Sabbath, troublesome. However, the Roman government was generally prepared to leave the Jews alone unless they caused trouble, like the great revolts that ended in the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem.
Although all points might not be this well developed, an example of supporting evidence that is specific and detailed might be:
under the Empire. Eg, Judaism The Romans were generally tolerant of foreign religions and tended to accept the gods of the peoples they ruled over. However, a monotheistic religion like Judaism could not accommodate Roman religious practice because it allowed the worship of only one god and it had a very strict moral code. Tacitus in his Histories provides a Roman perspective on Judaism, recording that the Jews allowed no images or statues to be set up in their temples or cities. For a Roman who honoured the traditional gods, such conduct jeopardised pax deorum and threatened the well-being of the community as a whole. The Jewish Sabbath, religious festivals and dietary laws were also incompatible with Roman civic life. Jews had to be given special permission to assemble for worship and pay tax to the Temple in Jerusalem, and unlike other conquered peoples they could not serve in the military, as this would be against their religious laws. Despite these difficulties, the Roman government was generally prepared to tolerate Judaism, provided the Jews did not cause civil unrest. Judaea, their homeland, was made a protectorate by Pompey the Great in the 1 st century BCE and became a useful buffer against Parthian influence in the East. However, in 66 BCE, when the Jews rose up against their rulers, Roman legions, under the future Emperor, Titus, sacked Jerusalem, destroyed the Temple and stamped out all resistance.
An example of in-depth discussion of a part of the question might include:
Judaism under the Empire. Eg, Judaism • As a monotheistic religion, Judaism was essentially incompatible with traditional Roman religion, despite the syncretic character of the latter. • Refusal to acknowledge Roman gods and, in particular deified emperors, threatened pax
• Judaism was generally tolerated, out of respect for its antiquity and sometimes for political reasons. • Suppression occurred when civil order was at risk (eg expulsion from Rome by the emperor Claudius) or rebellion flared (eg in the 60s CE in Judaea). • The Romans did not always discriminate between Christianity and Judaism, both monotheistic cults practised in the east of their empire.
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