Auditimi publik 1 kontrolli I lartë I shtetit
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Mr. Wojciech Kutyla
- Finally some conclusions
- 2. Some resource optimization problems
- 3. Strategy, policy, project, management
- Political order draft strategy optimal product
- Policy = Project + Decision + Application (product) 4. Management objects
- Lim of Policy =science = managemen t >
223 ALSAI very often delayed in better times. In crisis governments are expected and also allowed to use their mandate in a more energetic and decisive way. And I do believe we are now needed more than ever to watch them how they are doing it. It is a new environment also for the SAIs. We shouldn’t prevent or discourage our governments from acting by evoking exaggerated social distrust in them. But we should continue our work as we have been given a very special tool belonging to the domain of democratic control, and people in our countries trust their governments also because they trust us and believe the governments are watched and commented on by us, effectively working Supreme Audit Institutions. We are meeting today because we believe there is an inseparable connection between our effective work and the sound management of our states. I have no doubts about that. I wish all of us a very fruitful conference and inspiring discussions. I hope to be leaving Baku wiser with your experience and able to use it back in my country. Dear Colleagues, Thank you very much for your attention. Speech by: Vc/President of NIK, Mr. Wojciech Kutyla in the IV EUROSAI/ARABOSAI Conference AUDITIMI PUBLIK 225 OPTIMIZATION OF THE DYNAMIC RESOURCES – A NATIONAL POLICY PILLAR by: Academician Prof. Dr. Skënder Osmani, We address the following issues: 1.Presentation 2.Some issues of optimization of resources. 3.Management strategy, policy and project. 4.Management and its facilities. 5. What should be done? Finally some conclusions: Understanding and reforming the State and civil society to enable them to draft a decision making scientific plan can actually be the most important national problem in the optimization of human, natural, financial resources, etc. The natural human resources are the basis of national policy and strategy. Hence it is necessary to set up a department on the national strategy, using the human capital of universities, of country’s scientists, as well as the national data base, projects, etc. The risk of natural human resources is essential in the optimization and implementation of strategies and projects and its assessment by a legal norm (law) is a necessity. The modest definitions of object, transformation (process) etc. are the starting points for building a theory of management, which has so far not a single semantics [1], [2], [3] It is time for a new development in the management theory, the preparation of managers capable of running and developing the society. This wind of change is knocking at our door.... Key words: source, target, transformation, process, optimization, management, strategy, policy, transformation, project, risk, digitalization. 1. Presentation Human society has an eternal claim: welfare at the most. This is achieved by study, research, evaluation, development and rational use of all: This paper provides some considerations on the optimization of human resources, natural, financial resources and the process of decision making on them in a given project (it might be a political one as well). PUBLIC AUDIT Optimization of the Dynamic Resources a National Policy Pillar 226 No.4, January– April, 2013 natural, environmental, information, financial resources. i.e. by optimizing them. When it comes to the resources, it means the individual human and all other facilities that are used or will be used by man, directly or by exploiting and processing etc... Of course that is part of the physical, mental (with artificial intelligence), informational, communication environment, etc. The resource’s dynamics is its change in time, while development is a positive change of their situation. Optimization of dynamic resources in time includes rational use of human resources, natural resources, soil, water, air, energy, oil, minerals, renewable energy, agricultural resources, livestock, tourism, etc., financial information (schools, media, institutions, computer, robots, servers, networks, antennas, etc.), etc... Optimisation is a permanent companion in the society. It appears in every cell of it, in any structure, individual, family, community, private or political organization, class, school, college, firm, company or government entity, army, police, diplomacy, party, department, country or community of states etc.., ie anywhere and anytime, in any event, occurrence, etc.. Optimisation is a synonym of human life, because: each individual or family seeks a maximum lifespan, a much higher welfare, an optimal use of natural resources, economic, financial, educational, cultural, and recreational, resource information and communication etc... In this optimization the risk of any objects, situation, and process etc.is required to be as small. When we talk about the risk of resources we consider the risk of natural resources, but not less that of the individual, family, community, etc... 2. Some resource optimization problems We suppose a given structure with a finite number of human resources, etc. and asked to find an optimal number of them determined by an objective function and input conditions or criteria given before. Optimisation of resources is linked not only to the number, quantity, etc. of their capacity but also the quality. For example: which should be the structure of our State (industry, agriculture, education, etc.) and its optimal hierarchy, how minister, counties, municipalities, villages, etc. should the country have, which will be their optimal structure, how manufacturing unit, service etc. should they have? If so, what is the optimal number of jobs for a given effective investment, or witch should be the report of qualitative individuals, "players who make the difference" with persons who play a game with them. Optimization problems are faced also in the collaboration structures of cooperations of local and regional character with other states or even larger structures. In the education area, it may be required how many classes or schools the aera should have, or how many students a class should have, or how many branches must a university have, or how many universities should the country have, which is the maximum number of students who need to study at a branch inside or outside etc... Acad. Skënder Osmani, PUBLIC AUDIT 227 ALSAI Similar examples can be provided in the field of "other natural resources" etc. as energy, hydrocarbon, such as mining, or agriculture (for example, which is the smaller size of plots of agricultural crops and livestock "below" which the production is not effective?, etc.. The same structuring problem (division) is also found in other activities, such as how many options should we analyze for a project of tunnel infrastructure, national roads, shops, etc., pipeline or power production Park, etc. In many projects, it is very important the "problem of resources, tests, etc." and other aspects, ie the evaluation of a resource is essential to define the maximum distance between the tests, samples, or wells, of a mineral area so that the assessment of the area does not exceed a given error. Likewise by paralleling a human community with a source, one can raise the question: what should be the maximum number of people ("evidence") that should be considered in solving a given problem, ie the evaluation of an electoral vote, wich should be the maximum number of people in a meeting or the number of meetings to debate, analyze, formulate a given problem, etc..? We can move to another area of thought that has to do with the design of engineering projects. In the [9] it is indicated that the cell is a finite element study and design of engineering fields, geological, etc. in a general sense even to many, many other areas. " In the finite elementsthe problem that arises is to determine the maximum size of a finite element study of a field to be effective (practically optimal). This scale (Scaling feature up) is a purpose function that is required to be optimized. In this overview the finite elements method is a method of optimizing the processes that characterize the above mentioned fields. Of course there are many other methods for resource optimization [8]. What about the optimization of financial resources? What can be said? Whenever it comes to optimization of resources and processes, as a rule it is also associated with "optimization of financial resources" thus proving the theory of duality that profit maximization problem (production of resources) is the dual problem of minimizing the cost (consumption of resources). From this point of view, we can talk about maximizing the positive resources and minimizing the negative resources, regardless of their specifications, in a sense other objects where they belong. If fighting this optimization is not reached such crises, recessions, declines in other economic sectors, etc. this means that the "evil" start of these processes are others besides the resources (human and natural), although for them can not be discussed in order to elaborate, as may happen even today .. The Risk of resources In the human society the process is the fundamental element of its development, because it is known that it realizes the transition (change) of PUBLIC AUDIT Optimization of the Dynamic Resources a National Policy Pillar 228 No.4, January– April, 2013 objects (resources, inputs, etc.) from one state to another more advanced. A process is conditioned by various factors, some may be independent of the case (deterministic or safe) and while others, depending on the case (stochastic or uncertain). In general processes are random or stochastic, because security can be considered a "case" of uncertainty . The risk as a process measure that does not meet certain "positive" criteria (ie not the best time, absenteeism, disability, disease, pollution, corruption, floods, deficient strategy, vicious politics, poor project, etc.) is found in every step. So life is on risk which necessarily must be evaluated (in one way or another ... The value of each activity and the risk of its realization are two criteria necessary for its computation. The activity "required" should possibly be optimal and with minimal risk, so it is required a stochastic optimization. Hence derives the stokastikes role in every field of knowledge, study the practice, in every project development of human society, in science, sociology, strategy, policy, energy, engineering, finance, economics, agriculture, environment protection, medicine etc. etc.. Understanding the risks of natural resources is a broad topic, for which there are different semantic theories, and less risk assessment 'brain', man, individual, family, community, etc., because the process of "brain" is quite complex: thoughts, sensations, perceptions, etc.. In the everyday life we care to optimally communicate with a compact, sufficient and high density information etc...For example in a political, journalism and science conversation, in which they discuss a problem, the analyst, communicator etc, tries to present a clear, understandable and accurate problem. Optimization of conversation does not mean durations, information gaps, data and information out of line, etc. because no one today has time to waste at work, outside his family, contrary everyone wants to win the maximally exploit time etc. Is very sensitive to this aspect the political communication, propagandation in the media, political campaigns, election, speeches, discussions on political institutions, etc. Optimisation in the field of communication is an inherent requirement of the time, and why not a reserve, an "invisible" investment that necessarily increases the longevity of the effectiveness of the individual, community, society. It is "an indefinite integral to limit" to be analyzed and evaluated in every area of the human communication. Today more and more are talking about individual risk: risk for cognitive, mental, cognitive, aryetues, sensor, receptive, health, training, communication, etc... I think it will not be long day for the assessment of personality and human process (individual social) risk assessment of his condition wether it is necessary to move to a working position . Each source (human, natural, environmental, etc.) has its dynamics, ie it varies in space, time, price changes, effectiveness, life expectancy, etc... Many factors affect this deterministic or Acad. Skënder Osmani, PUBLIC AUDIT 229 ALSAI occasional dynamic. It is understood that the difference (positive or negative) of all human resources, natural resources, etc. is stochastic. Thus the calculation of reserves of oil and gas field to a determination of his sale price are both stochastic processes (the case) In this case, naturally arises the question: what is the risk that the estimated reserves, the price of the contract, the risk that their sale or resale, in a more general plan, risk dynamics we reserve price and time etc.. In the resource strategy, optimal development of human resources and effectiveness of research, exploitation, processing, conservation of natural resources etc. are at the first hand. Obviously the strategy of resources, the latter can and should be evaluated with the relevant risks, so this strategy and relevant policies is stochastic. From the above examples (and numerous others) we might think that optimization is global, it "exists" is everywhere and always present: in time and in every place, at every change and reform, etc... In every historical stage of development of society, in each of its system. Furthermore, whenever the company has changed the social system etc. (or it is been done a reform) this happened in the first place and above all because the system has guaranteed space successor, the dynamic conditions of the new development and the welfare level higher than the existing one, so a new optimal level . Practically when it comes to an optimization of resources (processes) we consider the set of all possible options to achieve a particular purpose and optimal scheduling optimal alternative of the aforementioned community, which is made in the form of a project, as it will be shown below. 3. Strategy, policy, project, management The design and implementation of the project or, in a broader plan, its management is an optimization activity. But, what is management? The following are some definitions given by the author [18] [14]. : - Management is the unity of strategy and politics. [8] [14]. [13], [12] [19] where strategy is the set of all possible options for the implementation of a specific goal (this definition belongs to the theory of games [6]). [while policy is the implementation of the strategy in practice. Here I make these observations: In the foreign and also our literature the management understanding is defined in different ways and has even different theories, [1], [2], [3] Below the word political will be used just like to state policy as well as for public policy (in English politics policy respectively). The project has as the starting point the strategy and the latterhas the purpose... In this view the strategy is the set of alternatives of each activity (state or non state (public) to achieve the purpose. PUBLIC AUDIT Optimization of the Dynamic Resources a National Policy Pillar 230 No.4, January– April, 2013 - The project is the best option of a strategy (according to certain criteria) to be implemented, so optimal project provides a product. [14], [8], [9], [10]. From the above set of operations: Political order draft strategy optimal product is management. If we stick to this definition it appears that there is no strategy without purpose, so there is no political strategy, there is no political draft decision, there is no optimal product design, slightly strategy the first, politics (the second project ) is thus seen that the optimal project that accomplishes a specific purpose is the onliest, politics and project are synonymous and optimization project is their fundamental attribute Policy = Project + Decision + Application (product) 4. Management objects Management has some basic meanings, among them the object (state), process etc.. We can deal and formulate these definitions: • The object is a specific set of attributes (characteristics) of their connections. This may be the set of real or abstract, finite or infinite, random or deterministic, etc... So the object is identified by its name wich every name represents an object (specified). • The structure of the facility or his behavior is the interconnection between attributes. It is understood that this conjunction may be, physical or abstract, mathematical, mechanical, etc.. • The object can be divided into sub items, these latter sub sub items etc . So a given structure is state, while its change (structure) is a process. It can be noticed that there is a correspondence (one for one, etc.) between the facility (plus data structure) and a certain understanding of its transformation In terms of objects, management is an object composed of strategy and policy (project), it is slightly different the mental object of optimally transform in the real object and the latter project in its output. From the management point of view it is an activity "mathematically optimal” that means naturally an “integrator activity”. We can not talk about an integrated management because its definition itself is an integral activity; eg incompatible with the definition given to the term "integrated resource management.” We believe that these definitions and others like these which are also given in other papers of the author [14], [16], [17], enable the creation of the management meanings and its laws, and the connection of this discipline with other disciplines as mathematics, information technology, sociology, psychology etc. Similarly on this basis it is explained the management relationship with any other discipline that in its object studies the transformation or its respective process. In this point of view each discipline is a specific management of its facility. Given that each object has its transformation which can be application, feature, function, operator, Acad. Skënder Osmani, PUBLIC AUDIT 231 ALSAI method etc. appears that the management is based on many disciplines and vice versa they have management meanings such as mathematics physics, biology, chemistry psikiologjia, finance, and economy, IT etc. so every science and every human activity is considered managing. It is understood that all the mathematical disciplines which optimize it, remain in its first line. Since management is an activity similar to a computer or is generally in a computer system, appears that IT (information technology), computer science, robotics, etc. are closely related to the management, its object and its development. In a general overview, the author has written [18], [20], [14] Lim of Policy =science = managemen t > ? Policy tends to science but it never reaches it in a certain time. But wich should be the t variable? I have often been asked and continue to ask myself: when will it be the time for our country that the national policy becomes science. It is understood that the assertion, “the limit of the policy is science”, is not about a particular place and time and nor as it could be determined, it is a limit with a mobile boundary because science always progresses steadily increased along with policy, so it is a dynamic limit... So sciences progresses and also very close with it the decision making, policy (project) and even the "distance science policy" becomes increasingly smaller over time... Below is an illustration of how is expected to be the dynamics of the project during the time (in a certain sense the policy) from the computer and information technology. Figure (1), from article [5] shows the development of accounting power of this technology (y axis) in the time t (x axis). If we assume that this force is bought today (since 2013) with 1000 USD. From the chart, it is somewhere between the accounting power of the insect and mouse brain. In addition eg in the years 2020 to 2040 with the same amount of 1000 USD we will be able to buy an equivalent accounting power of the human brain, and somewhere around the 2050s the accounting power of all human beings on earth. So computers will be able to design all projects (policies) and to count them. To further clarify the idea, the development of a mass communication, meeting, conference, campaign, lecture, book, project, etc., will be not just an electronic option, but a real event... Furthermore, the writer expressly states that the policy will be a strong science with deep roots in rigorous science. {We see that the politics will very soon become a strong science with its deep roots in the rigorous sciences.} It should be emphasized that the term "the science is policy" is claimed since the beginnings of democracy in our country and is often written in the students auditorium, in several papers PUBLIC AUDIT Optimization of the Dynamic Resources a National Policy Pillar Download 30.22 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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