Auditimi publik 1 kontrolli I lartë I shtetit
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- Fatos Çoçoli Redina Karapici Scientific Research, development and IT Department by Academician Prof. Dr. Skender Osmani
- Some types of professional accounting
- Preparing for practicing the profession of accountant
- Indications from the certification process of the last years
- Test 2 EKR 27 25 93 13 14 10 1 KM 103 91 89 11.5 70 19 2 Test 3
- Test 1 EKR 40 38 95 13 8 20 10 KM 321 248 78 12.2 135 99 14 Test 2
- Test 3 EKR 30 21 70 11.8 15 5 Test 4 EKR 21 9 42.9 10.5 10 1 3 Test 5
- Test 3 EKR 36 34 94.4 12 17 17 Test 4 EKR 46 44 95.7 12.8 27 17 Test 5
- Education for users of the financial statements
- BANKS CLIENTS
Literature: 1 A.Thomson,A.Stricland (2001).Strategic Management, Twelfth edition, New York, USA. 2 B.Snell (2002) The Management, 5th Ed, McGrow Hill, New York, USA. 3 G Clifford. .L Eric (2000).Project Management, Mc.Graw Hill, London, UK. 4 T. Petihon (1996) Psychology .f 684. Soros Foundation, Tirana. 5 J.A. Hudson (2008). The future of Rock Mechanics and the ISRM, p 8, ,5 th Asian Rock mechanics Symposium (ARMS5), Tehran, IRAN. 6 Martin J. O, A. Rubinstein (1994). A course in Game Theory, the MIT press, Massachusetts, USA. 7 Sixth (6th) World Congress on Integrated Resources Management (2002),Geneva, SWITZERLAND 8 S. Osmani (2007) Optimization 1. Linear programming with extensions. P. 553 Part one. EGI Publisher. Tirana 9 S.Osmani (2008) Optimization 2. The method of finite elements. P.781 PEGI Publisher. Tirana 10 S.Osmani (2012) Optimization.3. Introduction to stochastic. P. 674. Filaret Publisher. Tirana 11 S. Osmani. F. Osmani. S. Sukaj. (2004). An overview of the strategy, and restructuring projects in the energy Acad. Skënder Osmani, PUBLIC AUDIT 239 ALSAI field. p. 12. Energy Conference, UT, Tirana 12 S.Osmani, A.Londo. (2004). Consideration on the strategy, project and code system. International symposium: Global Project and Manufacturing Management p. 8. Siegen, GERMANY 13 S.Osmani, F.Osmani.(2008) On strategy , policy and management of resources and environment.13 p. Global international symposium REWAS , Cancun, MEXICO. 14 S. Osmani (2004) Mathematical methods in management. P. 406 PEGI Publisher. Tirana. 15 S. Osmani (2002). Energy distribution estimation using stochastic finite element Renewable energy No.25, p.9 LONDON, UK 16 S Osmani, P Hoxha (2011) Management, strategy and project. A view on management objects p.16 International Conferende Facets of Bussiness excellence(FOBE) 2011 IMT Ghaziabad INDIA 17 S.Osmani etc (2011) Management, strategy, policy and project .Energy object case. p.6 Energy Workshop (Topi University) Islamabad, PAKISTAN 18 S.Osmani ( 1991) Consideration on optimization of the resources and national politics. p.9 Department of Energy resources, Polytechnic University, Tirana, ALBANIA 19 S.Osmani, P.Hoxha. (2008) Strategy and project of resources the base of the development and integration. Conference of the Economics Faculty, p 12 Tirana 20 S.Osmani, Dh.Gjevreku, N.Kodheli, N.Koja etc (2002). Consideration on Albanian strategy and sustainable development. Italian – Albanian Conference Tirana 21 M S. Grewal, A P. Andrews Kalman Filtering John Willey 2008, CANADA Translation by: Fatos Çoçoli & Redina Karapici Scientific Research, development and IT Department by Academician Prof. Dr. Skender Osmani, Faculty of Geology and Mining E mail:s_osmani@yahoo.com AUDITIMI PUBLIK 241 PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION: AN ONGOING NECESSITY Prof, Dr. Jorgji BOLLANO As. Prof.Dr. Hysen ÇELA Introduction Accounting records seem to have a very early history. The Romans, for example, had implemented a comprehensive tax system, which included the sales tax, land tax and a flat tax for all citizens without distinction. Tax collectors of the Roman Empire kept their track of tax collection through a system of accounting records. Today, things have evolved a lot and accounting has become a very important discipline required by an increasing number of individuals. There are numerous colleges and universities around the world which issue degrees of Bachelor and Master and also many institutions of higher education, which are included in the third cycle programs of study and also give the PhD in accounting and tax disciplines. So the development of accounting history seems pretty early. It is as old as the history of civilization itself. On the other hand, the accounting institutionalization was enabled through the birth and development of the accounting profession, which is considered one of the most important achievements in history. It is said that accountants were those who contributed to the money and banking development and also invented the double registration system to respond to the business administration needs. The development of the accounting profession, in terms of the industrial revolution enabled the entrepreneurs to survive and develop the capital markets required for the activities of large business and the capitalist system itself. Also, the development of this profession gave credibility to the complex business policies, the right impetus to the economic boom of the 20th century, etc... The accounting profession today is taking place in terms of the information revolution which is transforming the global economy. Accounting, as a summary information and communication system used for The development of accounting history seems pretty early. It is as old as the history of civilization itself. PUBLIC AUDIT Professional Education, an Ongoing Necessity 242 No.4,January – April, 2013 decision making regarding the use of economic resources, enables the effective control of the use of resources and evaluation of results of economic activity, etc... All these accounting goals can not be achieved without an adequate organizational development, which is materialized in the role of professional accounting bodies. The development of the accounting profession and the ongoing expansion of its services, led to the necessity of drafting rules and members organizing in institutions that guarantee the public safety from the services provided and also the professionals self defense. Given the contribution to the public interest and in particular to the economic development, the accounting profession has experienced continuous progress and development. Especially after the 1977 when IFAC was created, the role of the accounting profession has undergone further developments being increasingly oriented to professional standards of accounting and higher quality audit, especially the ethical requirements and the appropriate professional behavior. The global developments have led to the adoption of the professional standards from professional organizations which have a common goal, to unify the language of the financial information reporting. Also, the capabilities of accounting professionals in the recent decades have advanced and been and are standardized. The purpose of this capability is the individuals training and education through theoretical and practical experience, which makes it possible for them to become competent, gain knowledge and professional skills and thereby, to be able to give a positive contribution throughout their lives to the profession, to entities which they serve, but also for the community and public interest in general. Some types of professional accounting According to the criteria established by the IFAC, a professional accounting expert is considered an individual member of the professional body of the IFAC who has proven and demonstrated that he/she has reached a stage of professional knowledge and general aptitude, and is ready to take over the performance of professional accounting services to the public interest. A professional should also be trusted by both the stakeholders and the public. For an individual to become a professional accounting he must achieve a high professional competence which goes beyond a diploma awarded by a high school and recognized by the state, as it requires technical knowledge and the proper practical experience. Today the accounting profession is in a constant development process. Depending on the mode of the services delivery, the form of its organization, and the independence required level, we can distinguish several types or categories of accounting profession: The employed accountants - These accountants work as employers engaged in the economic entities and provide their services through the employment contracts between the accounting and the entities which serve. The approved accountants - which they serve to several entities. They are Prof, Dr. Jorgji BOLLANO Prof. As. Dr. Hysen ÇELA PUBLIC AUDIT 243 ALSAI independent from the entities to which they perform the accounting services; Accountants of state and local public entities that do not follow profit purposes - These are employees of state public entities with local or national character and of various non-profit organizations; Registered accounting experts - these are accounting professionals specialized in the audit of historical financial information and have the legal right to control the entity's financial statements. Depending on the method of exercising the accounting profession in practice, the classification would be as follows: a) The Free Accounting Profession, which is regulated by Law 10 091, dated 05.03.2009 "On the legal auditing and the profession organization of the registered auditors and chartered accountant", and • Profession exercised by the conditions of employment, including accountants and internal auditors of different entities. Preparing for practicing the profession of accountant Exercising the accounting profession in business entities requires minimally obtaining the sufficient knowledge given by universities. The fact that today’s professionals are of different ages, indicates that they have differences in their professional education related to the teaching curricula with which they are prepared. The curricula changes are continually refined by adapting the latest requirements. This makes it necessary to educate them as a going concern, which can be accomplished either by associations / organizations of which they are members, both independently and individually. Exercising the free accounting and auditing profession in our country, is regulated by law and every professional association is obliged to respect it. In the Law No. 10,091 dated 05.03.2009 “On the legal auditing and the professional organization of the registered auditors and chartered accountants", the procedures for the realization of the above requirements are provided. Both these professions, the auditor and the accountant are required to have passed a theoretical and practical preparation. Before their full recognition as professionals in the field, these individuals should perform a required period of professional practice, which is considered more important, as it makes it possible for candidates to apply theoretical and technical knowledge in practice and to solve problems at the best. In addition, candidates must develop other qualities in particular: an objective attitude, professional judgment and administrative ability, etc., which can only be learned through the experience they gain during practice. Although legally the requirement for practical experience is regulated by the analysis of the way the component is realized in practice, it is noted that the professional chartered accountant have several problems that deserve attention. In practice the three year internship requirement faces two following cases: The first case, when accountants have completed the high school and have completed three years of work, but PUBLIC AUDIT Professional Education, an Ongoing Necessity 244 No.4,January – April, 2013 this experience was obtained in lower functions that do not allow obtaining the required experience, The second case, when accountants have several years that have completed the high school and have a long working experience, but they have insufficient theoretical preparation due to the old curricula. Such a situation seeks that the training organized by the professional associations should be different according the cases above, and not be organized all the same. As for the profession of auditors, legal formalism is more complete. So before you enter the profession, and before passing the competence exams, candidates must perform a probationary period before a statutory auditor or an audit firm in terms of full time employment for three years, partial time employment to five years or a three year contract if candidates have practiced previously the chartered accountant profession (independent). However, the practice shows that there are still problems and matters that seek for improvement. Thus, there is an immediate need of improvement in the theoretical and practical education for expanding the range of internship preparation not only with the traditional disciplines such as NAS, IFRS and auditing standards, but also with organizational skills disciplines forming the government, information technology, related services, etc.., as well as to consider and to make differentiation between candidates in preparation for EKR depending on the age and curricula they used in the high school. It is up to IEKA to think about expanding the possibilities of taking practical education of in large companies applying IFRS and witch have more developed accounting, control and information technology systems. Indications from the certification process of the last years Despite the efforts made by associations of accounting professionals and the candidates to perform some tests for their full recognition as professionals in the field, the results have not been satisfactory. Y e a r P ro fe ss io n P a rt ic ip a te d P a ss e d P a ss in g % A v e ra g e P oi n ts E v a lu a ti o n s S u ff ic ie n t (N o . o f p e rs o n s) G o o d (n o . o f p e rs o n s) V e ry g o o d (n o . o f p e rs o n s) 2010 Test 1 EKR 43 24 56 11.7 8 12 4 KM 350 102 30 11.5 78 18 6 Test 2 EKR 27 25 93 13 14 10 1 KM 103 91 89 11.5 70 19 2 Test 3 EKR 19 19 100 11.2 16 1 2 Test 4 EKR 19 18 94.7 11.3 13 5 Test 5 EKR 23 23 100 12.9 9 10 4 2011 Test 1 EKR 40 38 95 13 8 20 10 KM 321 248 78 12.2 135 99 14 Test 2 EKR 38 38 100 12.9 2 22 12 KM 248 248 100 12.8 134 96 18 Test 3 EKR 30 21 70 11.8 15 5 Test 4 EKR 21 9 42.9 10.5 10 1 3 Test 5 EKR 30 30 100 16 2 6 22 2012 Test 1 EKR 64 25 39 11.3 1 18 6 KM 394 233 60 11.3 201 27 5 Test 2 EKR 44 37 84 14 15 17 5 KM 250 250 100 12.3 145 100 5 Test 3 EKR 36 34 94.4 12 17 17 Test 4 EKR 46 44 95.7 12.8 27 17 Test 5 EKR 46 46 100 15 27 17 2 The results presented above reflect a very low level of preparation and what is more important, a very low quality. This requires that the ongoing education should not only be better organized, but it should be studied and must include the previously ascertained deficiencies, as well as any change or update of disciplines essential for the professional development. Prof, Dr. Jorgji BOLLANO Prof. As. Dr. Hysen ÇELA PUBLIC AUDIT 245 ALSAI The evaluation process and the professional growth especially in the field of audit may include advanced educational programs that can be pursued in academic institutions or programs organized through professional, through job training, training out of work and activities through training courses and professional discontinued. Education for users of the financial statements The continuing professional education is necessary not only for auditors and compilers of financial statements, but also, for the users of the latter. This is necessary since it helps the direct economic decision making. Among the users that should necessarily have knowledge of drafting financial statements primarily are the commercial banks, the tax system organisms, the Supreme State Audit, etc... From an open questionnaire, made by the commercial banks, it results as follows: - Only 52% of the commercial banks use the audited financial statements prepared in accordance with NAS as the basis for their decision to grant credit. - Statements are considered important in deciding upon this allocation: - 95% the balance sheet and the revenue statement - 47% the cash flow statement - 32% the equity statement 16% disclosures - 63% of banks rely on the audit report and 21% of them believe only audit reports prepared by the large audit companies. While 16% of them do not trust and do not support their judgment on audit report. - When they were asked if their work met with the qualified audit reports, their responses were as follows: a) 47% never b) 47% rarely c) 5% ever d) 0% often - Regarding the impact that a qualified audit report had on their decision, banks responded: a) 84% NO b) 16% YES - With regard to the direct question, "How do you assess the comprehension and MRS of your customers” the answers were: BANKS CLIENTS Not enough 0% 58% On average 63% 16% Good 21% 5% The question arises what CCC can do to improve the comprehension of NAS by users of the financial statements. In our opinion CCC must: • Improve NAS and update IFRS with any changes • Training remain as always very helpful • Include CCC in the developing training modules, banks, tax inspectors and senior inspectors of state control • To develop guidelines for the implementation of NAS • To include banks and other stakeholders in the CCC working groups PUBLIC AUDIT Professional Education, an Ongoing Necessity Download 30.22 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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