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- 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.
- BIBLIOGRAPHY: Legal acts and regulations
- Reports and study articles
- Academician Prof. Dr. Aurela Anastasi Faculty of Law State University of Tirana PUBLIC AUDIT 257
- WHAT IS THE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
- HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ANALYSIS
- HOW TO USE A FINANCIAL REPORTS
- HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS Figur1 1. A. Comparative Balance of society BETA, 31 December, 2012, 2011, 2010 (in mln ALL) A ss e ts
- Total Assets 227 204 204 23 11.3 10.3 OBLIGATIONS
- SHARE CAPITAL
- Gross Profit
- Profit before interest and tax (EBIT)
- Net Profit (EAT)
- REPORTS OF THE USE OF ASSETS
- Book Value per Share = (Total Share Capital Preferred Shares)/Ordinary Shares No. Circulating = (88.00 0)/4.600 = 19.13 ALL
- Price/Book Value = Market Price per Share/Book Value per Share In 2012, the ratio is: Price/Book Value = (12/19) x 13 = 0,63
- Price/Book Value = (12/19) x 13 = 0,63
- OVERALL ASSESSMENT SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL REPORTS
253 ALSAI this area. But what we find by reading this law? Law no. 9643 dated 20.11.2006; "On Public Procurement" (amended) defines as participants in the public procurement procedures only the economic operators (Article 1 of the PPL). There is no explicit regulation on the issues of contracting services to nonprofit organizations. However, this law does not preclude service contracts with NGOs in the field of its application (Article 7 of the law: special exceptions). Based on this fact, and the fact that the above the law "On Social Assistance and Services", refers to social care services financed by the central budget or local legislation applicable to procurement, we conclude that in case of subcontracting NGOs to conduct various social services to help the fight against domestic violence, the current legislation must be applied to the procurements in the RA. On the other hand we highlight that there is no specific provision to establish specific rules within the contracting of social services, which aims to fulfill the provisions of law that provide consulting services. However, the study of law and all laws on these contracts brought to evidence the problems which can not be easily adapted to the context of social services contracting. The procedure for obtaining these funds it is often prolonged by not responding in due time to open or support a particular service of social care for groups or individuals in need. Also, considering the winner selection criteria for the provision of a service, based on the public procurement legislation in force, often the winner does not respond to the standards of the social care services provided by the Council of Ministers Decisions, to the determined level and cost associated with them, to the professional staff level of training, etc... This is because social services in the social sector in general and in domestic violence in particular, have a different kind of consulting services. The main objective remains a selection of service providers that offers standards and provides the best level of service. It is necessary that the selection of service providers depending on the type of social care service, to be based on some conditions as: similar work experience in the provision of social care; assessment of the regional institution responsible in inspecting social care services to respect the standards of service that will be offered by the organization invited to provide these services; methodology for compliance with the standard level of service provided based on the costs for each one of them; qualification level of the professional staff, of the entity that will be engaged in the service delivery; knowledge transfer and the bid price for the service. 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. I. The Albanian legislation clearly regulates the possibility for cooperation between the central competent state bodies and the local nonprofit organizations on the social services in the field of protection from domestic violence and gender equality. However, a detailed legal regulation is missing, on which should be supported the decentralization of social services and the delegation or contracting licensed private services providers, like NGOs. However, it is assumed that this can be PUBLIC AUDIT "Issues of Contracting and Procurement of Social Services for Non Profit Organizations." 254 No.4, January – April, 2013 accomplished through funds allocated to local governments from the central government for the implementation of these services, through the local government’s funds, as well as through funds from donations. There is no detailed legal basis, to support genuinely and directly contracting, procurement and delegation of the NGOs for social services by local authorities. II. By the observation of the situation on the ground, was achieved the conclusion that there are competition different experience for contracting NGOs to provide services, but these experiences are not unified. It is necessary that these contractions to be applied not only in the material legal basis, but also in that procedural, as under the current legislation there is a need for the crucifixion of contracting with the procurement procedures. III. Law "On Public Procurement", needs supplements and interpretations, through amendments or bylaws providing a special procedure in the case of social services. The procedure provided for consultancy services is not sufficient for application in these cases. You can also review the possibility that the special procedures for contracting NGOs to be realized through amending the law "On social services". This law would be naturally closer to the procurement procedures for these specific. IV.It is necessary to provide clear provisions that provide expertise on the experience and quality of service based on social standards, in relation to the lower price. Also, there is a need for a special treatment in relation to legal documentation that NGOs should provide. V. There is a need for legal provisions, to predict a period of more than a year for the social services procured. VI.Improvement of bylaws needed to determine the evaluation criteria (especially in the methodology and experience of staff). It needs specific predictions about the procedures after the announcement of the winners. VII. In drafting the legislation there should be taken into consideration special legal arrangements for the procurement of social services for children. VIII. In order to have a better coordination of the management of state funds to support civil society organizations, it is important for authorities to take into account all of the harmonic legislation governing the relevant field, applying the method of crossing all laws where appropriate. For example, it comes to an effective implementation of the law "On the organization and functioning of the Agency for the support of civil society," with the Law of "Legal Aid". BIBLIOGRAPHY: Legal acts and regulations • Law no. 9970 dated 24.7. 2008, "On gender equality in society" • Law No. 9669 dated 18.12.2006, "On measures against violence in family relations". • Law no. 10329, dated 30.09.2010, "On some amendments to Law no. 9669 dated 18.12.2006, "On measures against violence in family relations". • Law no. 10221, dated. 4.2.2010, "On Protection from Discrimination" • Law no. 10039, dated 22.12.2008, "On legal aid"; • Law No. 10 347, dated 4.11.2010, "On the protection of the rights of the child" • Law no. 9355, dated 10.3.2005, "On social assistance and social services" • Law no. 9643 dated 20.11.2006, "On Acad. Aurela Anastasi PUBLIC AUDIT 255 ALSAI Public Procurement" and under the regulations for its implementation. • Decision no. 564, dated 12.8.2005, "On licensing of providers of social care services." • Council of Ministers no. 334, no. 17.02.2011, "For the work coordination mechanism for the referral of domestic violence and its way of proceeding." • The Council of Ministers no. 80, no. 28.1. 2008 "On approval of the social protection sector strategy and action plan for its implementation" Reports and study articles Raport. Asian Development Bank (2009), Final report on government procurement of public services: People’s Republic of China, prepared by Jia Xijin and Su Ming. Emira Shkurti, "Issues of contracting NGOs by the state institutions", paper, published in "The role of nonprofit organizations in defense of human rights and freedoms, through constitutional and legal instruments", Tirana, 2001 Enhancing the decentralization and social contracting in Bulgaria, website: http://www.bcnl.org/en/projects/694- enhancing-the-decentralization-and- social-contracting-in-bulgaria- improving-the-knowledge-and-the- capacity-on-local-level.html Academician Prof. Dr. Aurela Anastasi Faculty of Law State University of Tirana PUBLIC AUDIT 257 ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS From: Prof. Dr. Halit Xhafa Abstract This paper analyzes the financial statements of public and private companies, which include the balance sheet and income statements. Managers use financial analysis reports to interpret a variety of figures in the financial statements. Analysis of financial statements answer questions such as: how entrepreneurship is progressing? What are its strengths? What are the weaknesses? or Is improving or deteriorating the business society?, etc.. Complete financial statements include a balance sheet, income statement and statement of cash flows. The first two are the key documents in the financial analysis, which is carried out through various methods, such as vertical and horizontal analysis, and analysis of reports. WHAT IS THE ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Doctors evaluate and treat human health, while financial managers that of businesses. The doctor monitors blood pressure, heart rate, cholesterol and blood sugar levels. The results are compared to the "normal" levels for age, weight, sex and height. If he is not satisfied he orders to repeat the tests. The same is done by financial analysts. Analysis of financial statements means different perspectives by different people, depending on their particular interests. Creditors, current and prospective investors and managers of the company itself focus on different parts of the analysis to find the answers to the questions that concern them. Creditors are primarily interested in the ability of the company to pay the debt. Short term creditors, such as suppliers, worry about the ability of the business to pay the bills and want to be sure that businesses do not have liquidity Analysis of financial statements means different perspectives by different people, depending on their particular interests. PUBLIC AUDIT Analysis of Financial Statements 258 No.4, January April, 2013 problems. Long term creditors, such as banks or holders of bonds, are interested on society's ability to pay interest and the amount of debt based on borrowed funds. Investors are concerned about the current level and future returns (income) and risk (liquidity, debt and overall business activity). Investors value shares based on the analysis of financial statements of the company. This analysis includes an assessment of the overall financial, economic and political conditions, industry factors and future outlook of the company. The analysis attempts to show how determined the share price in relation to its market value. Action is valid for you only if you can predict the future financial condition of the business; analysis of financial statements provides enough data to make predictions in this regard. Managers are concerned about all the questions set by creditors and investors, as both groups should be satisfied by the company if the latter has other needs for increased funding. HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ANALYSIS Analysis of the reports of the analysis underlying the financial statements Reports are comparative. Reports can be used to compare: A report to another Performance of the progress of society with the objective of managers, Financial position of the company in the past and today. Financial condition of the company compared to others in the same industry Comparison of financial data to two or more years is known as horizontal analysis. Horizontal trend analysis focuses on the accounts in domestic and is expressed in percentage. It is applied in the comparative financial statements. Annual reports typically provide comparative data for five years. Horizontal analysis helps in finding large deviations that require further review. For example, in the statement of income presented in Figure 1.B huge increase in revenue from sales, coupled with the decrease of sales volume for 2011 2012, is a concern. To be convinced of this, do these results compare with those of competitors? Since the use of separately from one another indicator may lead to wrong conclusions, it is important for them to appear as changes in currency and percentage. In our example, interest expense from 2012 to 2011 increased of 100%, but the increase was only 1.000 ALL, so there is no need for other tests. Similarly, major changes in the currency could actually represent small changes in percentage and as such may not be of particular importance. The main changes and trends can be highlighted through vertical analysis. The vertical analysis shows each item in percentage. The preparation of the income statement in which the main item is used as a base value and all other items as compared with is known as vertical analysis. In the balance sheet, for example, total assets recorded 100% and any particular asset is presented as a percentage of the total assets. Similarly, total liabilities and stockholders' equity recorded 100% and any liability or in equity expressed as a percentage of total liabilities and equity. Prof. Dr. Halit Xhafa PUBLIC AUDIT 259 ALSAI The vertical analysis made in the income statement reflects the importance of circulating assets compared with incoherent assets. This analysis also shows significant changes that have occurred in the composition of current assets over the past year. HOW TO USE A FINANCIAL REPORTS Horizontal and vertical analysis compares a voice with another voice to the same category. However, it is important to compare the different categories of items. This is achieved through analysis of reports. In this article is treated how to calculate and interpret various financial reports. Results of analysis of reports will allow you: 1. To evaluate the position of the company. 2. To determine where weaknesses need to pay more attention. 3. Projects and make predictions about the future trend of operating activity. Judge the reports as if you are talking about the health or illness of a business. As does the doctor when the patient's temperature gauges, blood pressure and heart rate, you will measure the liquidity of the company, profitability, efficiency in the use of assets and market value. Just as a doctor does when comparing results with rates as books or standarts, you also need to compare the results obtained from financial statements with generally accepted norms. To reach useful conclusions you should do two comparisons: • Comparison with the industry your business is part of. This comparison allows to answer questions such as: "How business is operating within the industry?" You should compare the ratios of the company with reports of companies competing in the industry or industry standards. In conditions when the service is still lacking proper financial statistics, it is recommended to make comparisons of indicators of society with those of previous years, with the objectives, or even an average of several businesses in the same industry. • Analysis of trends. To see how the business is progressing over time, you can compare a given ratio of the company over the years, to see his inclination and determine the direction of the company's financial situation and its economic and financial indicators. Financial Reports can be grouped into the following categories: liquidity ratios, asset utilization reports, solvency ratios (of the financial leverage and debt), profitability reports, market reports. REPORTS OF LIQUIDITY Liquidity is the ability of the company to meet maturing short term debt. Failure to pay the obligations of society leads to bankruptcy. It is very difficult to run the business, especially during recessions. Low liquidity position may increase the company's financial costs and may lead it to incapacity of paying bills and dividends. However, the high liquidity is not good, because large amounts of money mean that the company is gaining a low return rate. Three main measures of liquidity are: a) Net working capital, b) current ratio, c) Liquidity ratio (acid test). PUBLIC AUDIT Analysis of Financial Statements 260 No.4, January April, 2013 In our discussion of these indicators of our recommendations will rely on the data in Figure 3.1a and 3.1b. Working capital is equal to net working capital assets, current liabilities minus short term deficit. Net working capital for 2012 is: In 2011, net working capital was 63 ALL. Its growth in 2012 is a good indicator. Current or flow ratio is equal to the ratio of current assets or liabilities circular or short term liabilities. This report reflects the company's ability to meet short term debt by circulating assets. In 2011, the current ratio was 2.26 times. The decrease of this ratio during landing shows liquidity. Full proof of liquidity is the liquidity ratio (acid test). To calculate this ratio, circulating assets are deducted from inventories and prepaid expenses; consider only the most liquid assets. HORIZONTAL ANALYSIS Figur1 1. A. Comparative Balance of society BETA, 31 December, 2012, 2011, 2010 (in mln ALL) A ss e ts 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 In cr e a se 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 D e cr e a se 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 D e cr e a se in % 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 Current assets (working capital): 28 36 36 8 22.2 0.0 Cash 22 15 15 7 46.7 114.3 Marketable securities 21 16 16 5 31.3 60.0 Receivable Accounts 53 46 46 7 15.2 6.1 Inventories 124 113 113 11 9.7 10.8 Plants and equipment 103 91 91 12 14.3 9.6 Total Assets 227 204 204 23 11.3 10.3 OBLIGATIONS Short Term Liabilities 56 50 51 6 12.0 2.0 Long Term Debt 83 74 69 9 12.0 7.2 Total Obligations 139 124 120 15 12.1 3.3 SHARE CAPITAL Ordinary shares 10$ nominal value, 4.600 shares 46 46 46 0 0.0 0.0 Undistributed profits 42 34 19 8 23.5 78.9 Total Shareholders' Equity 88 80 65 8 10.0 23.1 Total liabilities and shareholders' equity 227 204 185 23 11.3 10.3 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 In cr e a se 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 D e cr e a se 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 2 D e cr e a se in % 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 Sales 98.3 120.0 56.6 63.4 18.1 112.0 Returns from sales 18.0 10.0 4.0 6.0 80.0 150.0 Net Sales 80.3 110.0 52.6 57.4 27.0 109.1 Cost of goods sold 52.0 63.0 28.0 35.0 17.5 125.0 Profit'>Gross Profit 28.3 47.0 24.6 22.4 39.8 91.1 Operating Expenses Selling expenses 12.0 13.0 11.0 2.0 7.7 18.2 General expenses 5.0 8.0 3.0 5.0 37.5 166.7 Total Operating Expenses 17.0 21.0 14.0 7.0 19.0 50.0 Operating Profit 11.3 26.0 10.6 15.4 56.5 145.3 Non operating Profit 4.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 300.0 50.0 Profit before interest and tax (EBIT) 15.3 27.0 12.6 14.4 43.4 114.3 Interest Expense 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 100.0 Profit before Tax (EBT) 13.3 25.0 11.6 13.4 46.8 115.5 Income Tax (40%) 5.3 10.0 4.6 5.4 46.8 115.5 Net Profit (EAT) 8.0 15.0 7.0 8.0 46.8 115.5 Figure1. B– Income statement in comparative form (BETA?, in 2012, 2011, 2010 (in mln ALL) In 2011 , this ratio was 1:34 times . Small decrease in this ratio shows decreasing levels of liquidity . Prof. Dr. Halit Xhafa PUBLIC AUDIT 261 ALSAI BETA liquidity trend indicates a worsening of his, as reflected in the current report and that of liquidity that are lower, although the industry norms but a mitigating factor in this regard is the increase in net working capital. REPORTS OF THE USE OF ASSETS Analysts examine the efficiency of assets. They analyze their assets by major classes. Reports of the use of assets (assets and turnover) reflect the manner in which the company is using its assets to capitalize income and profits. A typical example is how quickly receivables turn into cash. The higher this ratio is, the more efficient the business manages its assets. Of reports related to accounts receivable and accounts receivable turnover and average collection period to them. The ratio of accounts receivable turnover is the number of times that received or collected accounts receivable for a year. He goes by dividing net sales by accounts receivable loans the average. Average receivables can be calculated by summing the amount at the beginning and at the end of this account and dividing the result by 2. VERTICAL ANALYSIS Figure 2 – Income Statement and vertical analysis BETA for 2012 and 2011 (in mln ALL) A m o u n t 2 0 1 2 % A m o u n t 2 0 1 1 % Sales 98.3 122.4 120.0 109.1 Returns from sales 18.0 22.4 10.0 9.1 Net Sales 80.3 100.0 110.0 100.0 Cost of sold goods 52.0 64.8 63.0 57.0 Gross Profit 28.3 35.2 47.0 42.7 Operating Expenses Selling expenses 12.0 14.9 13.0 11.8 General expenses 5.0 6.2 8.0 7.3 Total Operating Expenses 17.0 21.2 21.0 19.1 Operating Profit 11.3 14.1 26.0 23.6 Non Operating Profit 4.0 5.0 1.0 0.9 Profit before Interest and Tax (EBIT) 15.3 19.1 27.0 24.5 Interest Expense 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.8 Profit before tax (EBT) 13.3 16.6 25.0 22.7 Income tax (40%) 5.3 6.6 10.0 9.1 Net Profit (EAT) 8.0 9.9 15.0 13.6 In 2011, the turnover time was 8:46. We have a large drop in turnover ratio, which indicates problems in collecting receivables. The average collection period is the length of time it takes to collect accounts receivable, it is the number of days that accounts receivable are collected. This company needs 84 days to convert accounts receivable into cash. In 2011 the collection period was 43.1 days. Increase or extension of the period of collection may have come from some problems; it can result from the presence of very doubtful accounts or bad management of commercial credit. Inventory turnover shows how easily society turns inventories to sales. It is useful especially when the nature of the business requires high levels of inventory. Inventory hardens money, keeping a large quantity of inventory leads to the reduction of opportunities PUBLIC AUDIT Analysis of Financial Statements 262 No.4, January April, 2013 for profits and increases the cost of storage. If credit growth is judged in favor of granting loans or clients or, should analyze inventory turnover and average age of inventory. In 2011, turnover was 1.33 times: Last year, the average age was 247.4 days. Reduce inventory turnover and increasing age of the inventory shows that inventories held for a long period of time. The question is: Why the inventory is not sold soon? The operating cycle is the number of days to convert inventory and accounts receivable into cash. In 2012, the operating cycle is 431.7 days. Last year, the operating cycle was 317.5 days. His growth this year is unfavorable because additional funds are not hardened in liquid assets and money collected more slowly. Calculating the total assets turnover judge if the company is using its assets efficiently to receive income from the sale. Low ratio may indicate that kept more active compared with the income that they generate from their sales. In 2012, this report is 0.37. In 2011 this ratio was 0.57 (110/194, 5). So there is a significant decline in the use of assets. BETA has significant deterioration in asset, reports must therefore stress the need to improve the management of credit and inventories, although reports in 2012 not far from industry norms (see Figure 3.3). The problems lie in misappropriations in time and inventory obsolescence. REPORTS OF ABILITY TO PAY (financial leverage and the debt) Financial analysts use debt ratios to assess the relative size of the debt of the company and its ability to repay debt. Another factor to be considered is the financial leverage, the size of the debt in the capital structure of the company. Capital structure is the combination of long term sources of funds used by the company. For the size of the debt lenders are interested in long term debt, such as banks and bond holders. When you increase the amount of debt increases the risk because there are more creditors competing for the wealth of society. Even shareholders are concerned and worried about the size of the debt when they expect dividends to be paid only after the interests of creditors. Capital structure with high levels of debt exposes the company to fixed interest payments, leading to instability of income. Excessive debt can make it difficult for the company making the loan funds at reasonable rates of interest during the contractions of the money market. The ratio of total debt to total assets ratio is assets to cover debt. Excessive debt means greater risk for investors. In case of a possible bankruptcy, shareholders are treated by creditors. In 2012, the ratio is 0.61. Debt to equity ratio expresses the debt to equity. It shows if the company has a large debt in its capital structure. Huge debt means that the borrower must pay a ALSAI large sum debt bas debt lev financial of this variables, companie level with sustainab Over the times. Th Interest many tim before t shows th allow soc Interests Reduction bad situa available You shou that do n by exami bottom o should b not capit future. Overall compared poor, alt unchange changes meet lon cover t company MARKET Market re market company price of m amounts ed. Also, com els are high difficulties. T ratio depe , including r es in the ind h additional d bility of operat past year, th us the situatio coverage rat mes can cover axes. It is a he discount ciety. in 2011 cov n of this rati ation, it mea income to cov uld make know not appear in t ining in detail of the pages. e aware of p talized leasing solvency of d to the ind hough it has ed. There we in the com g term debt. he interest y has available REPORTS eports reflect share future y which is exp the ordinar for interest mpanies with risk periods The interpreta nds on sev reports of o dustry, the e ebt financing tional activitie he ratio was on is stable. io indicates interest, earn an indicator in income vered 13.5 tim o is indicativ ans that are ver interest co wn the obligat the balance s l the notes at For example, pending laws g and guaran f the comp dustry averag remained alm ere no signifi pany's ability It is noted tha payments lower profits the perceptio e profits of pressed in ma ry shares. Th and high s of ation veral other entry and es. 1.55 how nings that may mes. ve of less osts. tions heet t the you suits, tees pany ge is most cant y to at to the . on of the arket hese repo crea and of th The for w EPS shar divid pref com dete outs EPS perf and EPS For shar caus that by 3 high The calle socie Ratio you inve adva inve On t pref low othe and In t indic com orts and those ate a link bet dividends, in he share. earnings per which investo shows net re, after dends from ferred action mpany's capit ermined by d standing ordin is a standard formance and future dividen for 2012 is 1.7 2011, EPS w rp reduction ses alarm amo t the industry 3.3 4:51 figur her than that o report price ed the income ety with its sh o P/E represe are willing t estors profits. antageous be estors see busi the other han fer a multiple (cost of ALL p er companies return. this case th cates that mpany may be Prof. Dr. H PUBLIC AU e relating to d tween the sh ncome and bo share (EPS) is rs are most in income per deducting net income is not part tal structure, dividing net nary assets. indicator of o d progress o nds. 74 Lek was 3:26 cur in EPS duri ong investors. average for re out that it of BETA, 1.74. /income (P / e multiplier re hareholders. ents the amo to pay any m . A high mu ecause it imp iness in a posi nd, investors e value after profits) compa s that have s he ratio of the shares impaired. alit Xhafa UDIT 263 dividends are price ook value s the ratio nterested. ordinary preferred e. If the t of the , EPS is profit of operating of society rrency. A ing 2012 Knowing 2012 EPS t is much / E), also flects the ount that money to ltiplier is plies that itive way. are likely relatively ared with same risk low P/E of the PUBLIC AUDIT Analysis of Financial Statements 264 No.4, January April, 2013 Assume that on December 31, 2012, the market price per share is 12 ALL and 31 December 2011 26 ALL. Reports P / E are for 2012 6.9 times and for 2011 7.98 times: If the indicator P/E is low, you can draw the conclusion that the stock market now does not see your business as a good one. However, some investors may argue that the action is undervalued by 12 ALL. Despite this 54 percent decline in the share price during the year (14/26) will cause great concern to most investors. Book value per share is equal to the net assets available to common shareholders divided by the number of shares outstanding. By comparing it with the market price per share, you will have a different point of view about the way in which investors see business. Book Value per Share = (Total Share Capital Preferred Shares)/Ordinary Shares No. Circulating = (88.00 0)/4.600 = 19.13 ALL In 2011, book value per share was 17,39 ALL. The increase in book value per share is a positive sign for business performance. The report price/book value shows the market value of the company compared to historical book value. An active society can be obsolete high ratio, while another new active may have little relation. So, you must acknowledge the change in the report as part of your efforts to assess the corporate assets. Price/Book Value = Market Price per Share/Book Value per Share In 2012, the ratio is: Price/Book Value = (12/19) x 13 = 0,63 In 2011, the ratio was 1.5 times. The sharp decline in the value of this ratio indicates that our investors have a somewhat declining outlook for society than before. The market price per share may have fallen due to deterioration in the liquidity ratios, assets and profitability. Key indicators of the progress of society are intertwined with each other and problems in a particular area can also spread to other areas. This has happened in society as an example. Report dividend payment helps to determine current income from investments. Price/Book Value = (12/19) x 13 = 0,63 Shareholders unfavorable view of reducing dividends for lower payments is a sign of possible deterioration of the financial situation of the company. However, companies that aim to increase the rate of return on assets tend to have lower ratios of paying dividends. OVERALL ASSESSMENT SUMMARY OF FINANCIAL REPORTS A single report or a set of reports are not sufficient to assess all aspects of the company's financial condition. In the figure below summarized reports of 2012 and 2011 previously calculated, along with the industry average ratios for 2012 and given formulas to calculate each report. The last three columns contain subjective assessments of the financial condition of BETA, based on Prof. Dr. Halit Xhafa PUBLIC AUDIT 265 ALSAI the analysis of trends and comparison analysis with industry norms. Analysis of trends that have meaning and be closer to reality, as a rule should be used reports of five years. By analyzing the tendency of society reports from 2011 to 2012, we see that the decline in current ratio and liquidity that has led to the deterioration of short term liquidity, although the value of these reports has been on the industry. But working capital has improved. Also there are reports of asset decline, reflecting the fact that improvements in the management of credit and inventory policies. However, the decline in the value of the reports is very disturbing, because their value is below the industry average. The use of assets, determined by total assets turnover shows the deterioration of the situation. Financial leverage the amount of debt has not changed. However the business has less profit available to pay interest. BETA profitability declined in 2012 and the value of each ratio is below the industry average. As a result, the return on investment for owners may be partly a result of high costs and short term funding due to a lack of efficiency of operational activities. Higher costs may be caused by difficulties in collecting accounts receivable and inventory reports lead to declining liquidity and assets. Moreover, with lower turnover of accounts receivable and inventory, profit falls as a result of the reduction of sales and cost of hardening of money in active circulation. The market value of the company, as measured by a price / income (P / E), is compared with other industry associations. But he shows a downward trend. As a result, the company is operating satisfactorily in the industry where it belongs in some categories. However, in the period 2011 2012, shows that the company has faced financial problems in terms of income, assets and short term liquidity. Society should focus on increasing operational efficiency and the use of assets. Conclusion: Analysis of financial statements is in the interests of creditors, investors present and future as well as management of the company itself. In this chapter the techniques presented various indicators of financial statement analysis used to assess the current financial situation and future of society. In these analysis techniques include horizontal, vertical and reports. For the analysis of financial reports are two methods analysis and comparison with industry trends. Although analysis of the reports is an effective means to evaluate the financial condition of the company, should be recognized its limitations. Bibliography: 1. George T. Friedlob and Lydia L. F. Schleifer: “Essentials of Financial Analysis”; 2003, published by John Wiley and Sons.inc 2. Frederick D.S. Choi :” International Financial Statement Analysis”, workbook ; International Finance and Accounting Handbook, third edition, 2003, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. PUBLIC AUDIT Analysis of Financial Statements 266 No.4, January April, 2013 3. Thomas r. Robinson cfa; Hennie van Greuning, cfa; Elaine Henry, cfa; Michael a. Broihahn, cfa “International Financial Statement Analysis”, workbook: Published in 2009 by John Wiley & sons, inc. 4. Hennie van Greening : “International financial reporting standards”, a practical guide, fourth edition, 2006 the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the World Bank. 5. H. Xhafa: “Analiza e Pasqyrave Financiare”, Tiranë 2008,, botimi dytë 6. H. Xhafa: “ Drejtim Financiar”, lib ër xhepi, Tiranë,2010, botimi dytë. Prof. Dr. Halit Xhafa Member of the Supervisory Council of the Bank of Albania AUDITIMI PUBLIK 267 ACCOUNTING FOR CONCESSION AGREEMENTS UNDER INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR by: As.Prof. Dr. Hysen Cela Kledi Kodra, FCCA Using these public sector PPP agreements as a mean to improve and build infrastructure and public facilities, and provision of services related to these structures has began to be developed even in Albania during the recent years. This development is reflected in the growing number of PPP agreements executed or that continue to be studied, as well as the types of infrastructure and public facilities that these agreements have as subject and provide. PPP arrangements can take different forms, which vary according to the degree of involvement of the private sector in their implementation. Possible forms of interaction between the public and private sectors can be different. Public assets or services can be performed using the following forms and actors: 1. Government 2. Service covenants 3. Menagement covenants 4. Design Construction covenants 5. Operating concessions 6. Design constraction operating maintenance 7. Design build financing operating 8. Build possession operating transfering 9. Build possession operating 10.Privatization A public private partnership can be defined as an agreement between a public sector entity and a private sector entity, which is done to supply an active public sector (which has to do normally with infrastructure or public facilities) or to perform a service, which is the responsibility of the public sector PUBLIC AUDIT Accounting for Concession Agreements under International Accounting Standards for the Public Sector 268 No.4, January April, 2013 A specific subset of these agreements is usually referred to the concession agreement (MK) and includes items from 5 to 9 as above. Such an arrangement differs from other types of PPP arrangements for the fact that the risk and benefits associated with the construction, ownership and operation of assets (asset) subject to agreement, along with control over the property / asset, are divided into a large scale unit between the public and private sector involved in the agreement. Separating these aspects of wealth and complexity of transactions has made some times the financial reporting, uncertain with regard the wealth, as by both, public and private entities. Some examples of these agreements in Albania might be: operation and maintenance of a road by a private company against a fee, crossing the street, production and distribution of national passports, excise stamps, construction, operation and maintenance of large parks, power plants, etc. In our country there is no clear guidance regarding the accounting and reporting of assets related to the concession agreements, or the effects and results of concession agreements. A contribution in this direction could be to support the general framework of accounting and standard lease agreements, which are based both in the context of the Board of the International Accounting Standards (IASB Framework). The lack of specific treatments for this divergence could bring in how it reported assets or the asset or service. Even by chance that this could result not reported at all as wealth by both, the public sector or the private. Although this form of partnership has offered public sector entities the opportunity to meet all infrastructure needs, there is the danger that by not recognizing the assets and liabilities associated with the financial statements, to achieve fiscal targets without properly reporting the obligations. Since the provider in these agreements is public entity, the Board of the International Accounting Standards for the Public Sector has made significant efforts to overhaul financial reporting in this area. This paper presented to the reader, focuses on accounting and financial reporting from the perspective of public sector entities, ie providers. To the operators of these agreements as you might read, has bee given a limited account. This is because private operators, are covered by IFRIC and Interpretation 12 and 29 made by the Standing Interpretations Committee of the Board of the International Accounting Standards related to "Service Concession Arrangements", which include accounting and financial reporting for these services concession agreement. In addition, this paper also addresses other issues related to financial accounting and public sector units, which may result from the execution of these agreements, such as the recognition of revenue from positive flows of resources related to an agreement such a concession. These entry in most cases can occur when the private entity, collect fees directly from third parties, who are the main users of the property. Public sector entities may be entered by the provisions for income Prof. Asoc. Dr. Hysen Cela Kledi Kodra, FCCA PUBLIC AUDIT 269 ALSAI determined as part of our agreement, or by making a payment, or a series of payments made by predefined private entity to become a party to agreement. Further, we will discuss the possibility for potential private sector entities to be considered controlled by public sector units, for consolidation purposes, especially when the private sector entity is a special purpose entity or a government business unit. What are the private publik Download 30.22 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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