Automation of technological processes
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AUTOMATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES it 1
Methods of automation of production. The scientific fundamentals of automation of production are being developed primarily along three distinct lines. First, methods are being worked out for effectively studying the rules governing objects of control, their dynamics, stability, and dependence on external factors. These problems are being solved by research scientists, designers, and production specialists in specific branches of science and industry. Complicated processes and objects are being studied by the methods of physical and mathematical models and operations research, using analogue and digital computers.
Second, the scientific bases of automation determine economically feasible control methods and carefully formulate the purpose and evaluation functions of the control and the choice of the most effective dependence between the measured and controlling parameters of the process. Rules for accepting control solutions are arrived at on that basis as well as the strategy governing the production managers, while taking into account the findings of economic studies designed to single out the efficient control system behavior. The concrete goals of the control system depend on engineering and economic considerations, social conditions, and other factors. These involve maximization of productivity; stabilization of product quality; maximum utilization of fuel, raw materials, and. equipment; maximum volume of products successfully marketed; and minimization of expenses per unit product. Third, there is the task of devising engineering techniques for the simplest, most reliable, and most efficient realization of the structure and design of automation equipment performing the specified functions of measuring, data processing, and exercising control. The theory of algorithms, the theory of automatons, mathematical logic, and the theory of relay-control devices all come into play in developing effective control structures and hardware. Many processes of calculation, design, and testing of control devices have been automated with the aid of computer technology. Optimization of solutions and data acquisition, transmission, and processing have been based on the methods of information theory. Centralized (integrated) data processing techniques are employed when large flows of information have to be used for a variety of purposes and functions. The control structure, optimally selected for achieving the specified goals, combined with the complex of technical equipment (measuring, control, executive, data accumulating and processing equipment of all types, and so on) interacting with the object of control and the human being (operator, dispatcher, controller, section head), constitutes an automated control system (ACS) based on intelligently constructed forms and flow of information. In the USSR, a systematic approach to construction and utilization of the complex of automation equipment for measuring and control functions and the widespread integration of this equipment within the framework of the state system of industrial instruments and automation equipment (GSP) became the groundwork of state policy in the field of automation of production. The modern automated control system includes primary shaping devices, devices for automatic extraction and transmission of data and for logic and mathematical data processing, devices for displaying results, devices for generating control functions, and execution devices. The GSP groups all these devices together by functional, informational, and design-technological criteria, forming unit sets from which the necessary integrated complexes of automation equipment can be formed on the basis of a unified inventory of components. Socialist countries in collaboration with the USSR, united in the Council for Economic Mutual Aid (COMECON), are participating in the design and manufacture of unified aggregate components. The jointly created unified system of automatic monitoring, regulation, and control equipment (URS) agrees with the GSP in all the basic parameters. Download 105.53 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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