Bank accounting and audit

Description of graduation work structure: The content of the graduation qualification work, the three chapters, the summary and the list of used literature. The volume of the research work is 61 pages, including 4 tables and 5 pictures.

CHAPTER 1. PRELIMINARY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK OF OPERATIONS WITH CONSUMER LEGAL INCOME BANKS.

1.1. Theoretical foundations of securities transactions in commercial banks.

A number of economists have published commercials on investment activities in securities with commercial banks. For example, Peter Rose examined the tools of investment activity of the banks in the securities market, which was divided into two classes:

1. Money Market Instruments;
2. Capital market instruments.³

He offered to make promissory notes and bonds on the main direction of investment activity. According to Peter S.Rouz, funds are an important factor in the operation of banks and servicing as a key source of capital.

O.I. Lavrushin offered two types of investment banking:⁴

a) placement and sale of direct securities;

b) organization of investment activity through long-term lending.

In the context of the Republic of Uzbekistan, E.I.Nosirov has examined the factors influencing the investment activity of commercial banks, and the most important of them are the lack of adequate principles of increasing the role of investors in the rights and interests, and the role of commercial banks in the securities market.⁵

According to economist O.I Lavrushin, long-term resources development in the banking sector will enable to develop the real sector of the economy and develop mortgage loans. He also believes that the modern bank is not using the tool of attracting funds in the form of debt.

The role of the loan in society and the development and modernization of commercial banks' activities in the area of ​​lending depend on the strength of the resource base, as well as the terms of borrowing (medium and long term).

Following are the following suggestions and recommendations:⁶
1. Solving the problem of capitalization in the banking sector. For this purpose it is necessary to accelerate the implementation of the Law on Use of Government Securities to Increase Capitalization of Banks (as in the case of the Russian Federation).

2. Expansion of subordinated debt servicing experience for 10 years for central banks. This, in turn, creates the necessary conditions for lending to the real sector of the economy, which in turn creates long-term resources in commercial banks and in need of medium- and long-term loans.

3. Circulation of medium-term securities by banks and expansion of their placement on the external and internal markets. The most important prerequisites for this are increasing the quality of corporate governance and risk transparency in risk management.⁷

According to N.Kulikov and N.P.Nazarchuk, commercial banks need to expand medium-term securities issue and place them on the domestic and foreign markets, thus increasing their transparency and quality of corporate governance in increasing the role of banks as issuers of securities. upgrade.⁸

According to A. Omonov's researches, in order to increase the volume of "long" resources from non-depositary sources by ensuring banks' long-term resources needs, increasing the share of fixed-term deposits in the structure of commercial banks, activating the participation of banks and the issuer's role in the primary and secondary securities market, certificates of deposit and funds formed by subordinated and mortgaged securities The full withdrawal of the Central Bank's mandatory reserve requirement and the proposal of commercial banks to issue long-term subordinated securities for a term of at least 10-15 years are crucial in shaping banks' sustainable resource base.

Investment is divided into two types, the first one is direct investment of funds, which is to invest in the business. Secondly, funds are spent on acquisition of shares of enterprises, which are called portfolio investments.

Summing up the above-mentioned arguments, we believe that the commercial banks 'investment activity on the securities market can be described as follows: commercial banks' investment activities in the securities market are called for operations that will ensure long-term effectiveness. The securities market of the Republic of Uzbekistan is a financial mechanism of the market economy and provides wide opportunities for the circulation of temporarily free funds of the population and business entities. In particular, each of the securities owners, regardless of their citizenship or legal entity, remains the same person as the entrepreneurs. Motivation mechanisms, driven by the economic changes, the resolution of political issues, the dynamics of the securities' exchange rates, the amount of funds of commercial banks, the volumes of the offered value on the securities will serve in this market.

According to the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan of 27 June 2008 "On the securities market" the following securities are enforceable in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan:

1. Promotions;

2. Bonds;

3. Treasury liabilities;

4. Deposit certificates;

5. Promissory note;

6. Securities (options, features)

The banks operating in the Republic of Uzbekistan operate on the securities market in accordance with the laws "On Banks and Banking", "On Securities and Stock Exchange", "On Joint Stock Companies and Stock Rights", "On Securities Market" In accordance with the normative documents of the Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan and on the basis of "Recommendations to commercial banks or carrying out transactions in the securities market" Securities can be documented in the form of forms, certificates or in the registries of the depository, and can be used as a collateral for settlement and loans.

It is possible to transfer securities, which can be circulated on the territory of our country, to property relations (share), debt relationships and shares of securities. It is noteworthy that only stocks of shares are included in share-based securities. Other types of bonds, treasury bills, deposit certificates and promissory notes are part of debt securities. The securities' earnings include options, futures, and virtuoso. We can see this classification in the picture below.