Bioactive Substances in Safflower Flowers and Their Applicability in Medicine and Health-Promoting Foods


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Bog'liq
formula

In vitro: HSAEC1-KT HSAECs
(human small airway epithelial cells)

ELISA kits/concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α)
Western blot analysis/protein expression
Calcium-sensitive fluorescent probe Fluo3/AM/intracellular calcium ion concentration
Dual-luciferase reporter assay/transcriptional activities of NF-κB and AP1

9, 27, and 81 mmol/l

[74]

In vivo: rats
In vitro: H9c2 (rat cardiomyoblast cells)

Double-staining method (with Tcc and Evans blue stains)/infarct size
ELISA kits/cTnI, IL-6, and LdH levels
Flow cytometry analysis, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nickend labeling)/apoptosis level
ELISA/caspase-3 activity
CCK-8/cell viability
Western blot analysis/protein expression
Span diagnostic reagent kit/serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
Span diagnostic reagent kit/serum alkaline phosphatase
Agappe diagnostic kit/serum total bilirubin

5 mg/kg HSYA; intraperitoneally injected
20 μM

[47]

In vivo: mice

SP kit (MMP-2, MMP-9, and COX-
2)/immunohistochemical analysis

1.125 mg/kg, 2.25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally, for 14 days




In vitro: H22 (murine hepatoma cells), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma cells)

Growth inhibition assay—CCK-8/rate of growth inhibition (IC50 80 μM for 72 h)
Western blot analysis/protein expression
Clonogenic assay/optical density at 570 nm

40, 60, 80, 120, and 160 μM, for 24, 48, and 72 h

[91]

Table 3: Continued.

Test organism

Type of test/parameter Concentration/dose

Authors




Wound healing assay/cell migration, via Image-Pro
Plus




In vitro: KYSE-30 cells (esophageal cancer cells)

CCK-8 assay/proliferative activity (optical density of cells)
Microscopic measurement of the number of
cells/cell invasion and cell migration assays
Flow cytometric analysis of cell apoptosis/apoptotic rate of cells
Western blot analysis/protein expression
Serum levels of AFP, ALT, TBIL, and ALB/automatic analyzer

0,1, 1, 10, 20, and 50 μM, for 24, 48, and 72 h
20 μM, for 24 h

[92]

In vitro: A2780/DDP (ovarian carcinoma cells)

Cytotoxicity assay (CCK-8)/cell survival rates
RTCA test (real-time cellular analysis)/monitoring cell proliferation
Flow cytometry (Guava EasyCyte Plus)/evaluation of apoptosis

1 mg/ml
1 mg/ml, for 24

[45]

In vivo: mice

Electronic digital caliper/weekly measurement of tumor size and volume
Western blot analysis/protein expression

1.1 g/kg body weight; once every three days, for five weeks





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