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Borrowed Reduplicatives and examples of reduplication
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2.2. Borrowed Reduplicatives and examples of reduplication
The history of reduplicatives in English starts in the Early Modern English (EMnE) era, which was about the end of the 15th century. In the third edition of "A Biography of the English Language," C.M. Millward and Mary Hayes noted: "Reduplicated words do not appear at all until the EMnE period. When they do appear, they are usually direct borrowings from some other language, such as Portuguese dodo (1628), Spanish grugru (1796) and motmot (1651), French haha 'ditch' (1712), and Maori kaka (1774). Even the nursery words mama and papa were borrowed from French in the 17th century. So-so is probably the sole native formation from the EMnE period; it is first recorded in 1530." (Wadsworth, 2012) Morphological and Phonological Sharon Inkelas wrote in "Studies on Reduplication" that there are two separate methods, producing two different types or subsets of reduplication: phonological reduplication and morphological reduplication. "Below we list some criteria for determining when a copying effect is reduplication and when it is phonological duplication. (1) Phonological duplication serves a phonological purpose; morphological reduplication serves a morphological process (either by being a word-formation process itself or by enabling another word-formation process to take place...). (2) Phonological duplication involves a single phonological segment...; morphological reduplication involves an entire morphological constituent (affix, root, stem, word), potentially truncated to a prosodic constituent (mora, syllable, foot). (3) Phonological duplication involves, by definition, phonological identity, while morphological reduplication involves semantic, not necessarily phonological, identity. (4) Phonological duplication is local (a copied consonant is a copy of the closest consonant, for example), while morphological reduplication is not necessarily local." ("Morphological Doubling Theory: Evidence for Morphological Doubling in Reduplication." ed. by Bernhard Hurch. Walter de Gruyter, 2005) Just because reduplication in English isn’t a feature of the official grammatical system doesn’t mean it isn’t used in everyday discourse. In fact, many of us heard variations of reduplication as early as our first few minutes on earth. Parents often reduplicate words to their children in their quest to introduce language. The bottle might be a “ba-ba” and dad is “da-da.” This version of reduplication is called baby talk. Reduplication doesn’t stop willy-nilly (i.e., all at once) once when language is acquired, though, and you might use reduplication as a type of wordplay in discourse (as seen in the previous sentence). English speakers might use several types of reduplication, but perhaps the most common is contrastive focus reduplication. This is where a speaker emphatically contrasts a concept with a prototypical version of itself. “Is this a MUSICAL-musical?” “We bought a HOUSE-house!” “This isn’t a MEAL-meal.” The point of reduplication here is to emphasize that there is a “real” or official version of these things (musical, house, and meal). Like all other types of reduplication in English, there are no strict grammatical rules to create this phenomenon, but there are parameters that most, if not all, English speakers know. A a friend in need is a friend indeed a little from column A, a little from column B airy fairy all singing, all dancing argle-bargle argol-bargol argy-bargy arsy varsy arty-farty B Barmy Army beanie-weenies beri-beri bibble-babble bibblebabble big house, little house, back house, barn bish bash bosh boda-boda bonky bonky boogie-woogie bow-wow brain drain brain gain bric-a-brac bud-bud-ding-ding buddy-buddy bunny wunny buy cheap, buy twice C chiffchaff ching chong chit-chat chockablock chugalug chunky monkey claptrap clip-clop clippety-cloppety clogs to clogs in three generations crackalackin' creepie-peepie creepy-peepy crincum-crancum crinkle-crankle crinkum-crankum cuddle puddle cutesy-wootsy D day in, day out diddle-daddle dik-dik dilly-dally dimber damber din-dins ding dong ding-a-ling ding-dong dingle-dangle do not pass go, do not collect $200 do not pass go, do not collect £200 doggy woggy don't ask, don't tell, don't harass, don't pursue double-trouble driver reviver duck, duck, goose E easy come, easy go easy peasy easy peasy Japanesey easy peasy lemon squeezy easy-breezy eensy-weensy eeny-weeny eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth F fam-bam fancy-schmancy fee-fees fi-fi fiddle-faddle fight fire with fire fimble-famble fingle-fangle first come, first served first things first fishy wishy flim-flam flip-flap flip-flop flipperty-flopperty flippity-floppity flippy-floppy freaky-deaky from time to time fuckaduck fuddle-duddle fuddy-duddy Fuzzy Wuzzy Angel fuzzy-wuzzy G gang bang gender bender gewgaw gibble-gabble giggity-giggity ginger minger going once, going twice goo goo ga ga good-good H hacky sack handy dandy handy-dandy hanky-panky happy-clappy harum-scarum he said, she said he say, she say hee-haw heebie-jeebies hell's bells helter-skelter Herkimer Jerkimer herky-jerky hey hey higgle-haggle higgledy-piggledy hink pink hip-hop hippety-hop hippety-hoppety hippie-dippie hippity-hoppity hippy-dippy hity-tity hob-nob Hobson-Jobson hocus-pocus hodgepodge hoity-toity hokeypokey hoky-poky holy moley homophobephobe homophobiaphobia homophobophobe homophobophobia hooly dooly hooty tooty hooty-tooty hotchpotch hotsy-totsy hubble-bubble hugger-mugger hullabaloo humdrum Humpty Dumpty hurdy-gurdy hurlyburly hurry-scurry I incy wincy ing-bing inky-dinky it is what it is itsy-bitsy itty bitty itty-bitty J jeepers creepers jellybelly jibber-jabber jiggery-pokery jiggy jiggy jigjog jimjams K keepie-uppie keepy uppy kicksy-wicksy kiddy widdy kissy-kissy kitty witty kitty-cat kk knick-knack L lai lai lolol look-down, shoot-down looky-loo loosey goosey loosey-goosey Lordy loo lovely jubbly lovey-dovey M Marks and Sparks middle for diddle mingle-mangle mishmash mixty-maxty mixy-matchy moha moha momo moonmoon mumbo jumbo my way or the highway N na-na na-na na-na boo-boo namby-pamby near beer Clipping as one of minor types of word building consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts, e.g.: Mathematics - maths Laboratory - lab Captain - cap Gymnastics - gym There are three types of clipping: 1. Back clipping or apocopation is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Examples are: ad (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc (doctor), exam (examination), gas (gasoline), math (mathematics), memo (memorandum), gym (gymnastics, gymnasium) mutt (muttonhead), pub (public house), pop (popular concert), trad (traditional jazz), fax (facsimile). 2. Fore-clipping or aphaeresis retains the final part. Examples are: phone (telephone), varsity (university), chute (parachute), coon (racoon), gator (alligator), pike (turnpike). 3. In middle clipping or syncope, the middle of the word is retained. Examples are: flu (influenza), tec (detective), polly (apollinaris), jams (pyjamas), shrink (head-shrinker). Download 213 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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