Buchara state university m. Bakoeva, E. Muratova, M. Ochilova english literature

*
I f
№■
1
■Лг 'v!'’***» *
' ** i
* -C>-
■
 
Цчи
4
\
I - ' ii
4yt -■
2 1
\ ' f
A great m any o f m odem English w riters and critics recognize 
in T.S. Eiliot the m ost influential o f the English poets o f the 20th 
century. He w as bom in St. Louis, M issouri, USA, w here his

---

grandfather had founded the Washington University. Eliot received 
his first university training at Harvard; later he studied philosophy 
at the Sorbonne in Paris, and Oxford. Settled in London in 1914. 
First drafts of some ofhis best early poems, like “The Love Song 
of J. Alfred Prufrock”, were written while Eliot was still at Harvard, 
but the style and tone were so new that he did not manage to get 
anything published till 1915. His first volume of poems, “Prufrock 
and Other Observations” was published in 1917, but it didn’t at­
tract wide attention. At that time Eliot was working in a bank and 
also reviewing for “The Times Literary Supplement” and for some 
little magazines. His first volume of criticism, “The Sacred Wood” 
(1920), became suddenly influential and his poem, ’’The W'aste 
Land” (1922), made him famous, though it infuriated conservative 
critics.
Many of Eliot’s views on literature appeared in “The Criterion”, 
a literary magazine he edited from 1922 to 1939. The main sub­
ject ofhis earlier poetry is that of a civilization doomed to an 
inglorious end. From the French symbolists he had borrowed the 
idea that the only reality in life was the inner reality that the world 
of the poet was superior to the world of common experience that 
poetry should not work by direct statement of description, but by 
indirect image and suggestion.
Eliot served as a director of a London publishing house from 
1925 until his death. His most important creations of that time 
were “The Hollow Men” (1925), “Ash Wednesday” and “Four 
Quartets” (1930). “The Hollow Men” is a devastating portrayal 
of human beings devoid of spiritual substance. This poem consists 
of five sections, the first of which is given below:
I
We are the hollow men 
We are the stuffed men 
Leaning together 
Headpiece filled with straw. Alas!
Our dried voices, when 
We whisper together

---

Are quiet and meaningless 
As wind in dry grass 
Or rats’ feet over broken grass 
In our dry cellar
Shape without form, shade without color,
Paralyzed force, gesture without motion;
Those who have crossed
With direct eyes, to death’s other Kingdom
Remember us - if at all - not as lost
Violent souls, but only
As the hollow men
The stuffed men.
In this work Eliot portrays the pos
1
-World-War I people as 
hollow men. He depicts hollow men as walking corpses: their 
mind is detached from reality, they are cut off from one another. 
Their voices are whispers, “quiet and meaningless”. They a..: 
detached from nature, and live in a place which is devoid of any 
spiritual presence, a “dead land”, a “cactus land”, “a valley of 
dying stars”, hollow like the men themselves. Eliot’s last major 
poem “Four Quartets” is deeply religious.
Eliot’s poetry makes a great demand on the reader’s erudition, 
on his capacity to understand the complex literary, philosophical 
and mythological allusions that characterize Eliot’s verse. His great 
achievement was to create rhythms and images corresponding to 
the tensions and stresses of modem life. He is the person most 
directly responsible for changing the course of literary style and 
taste in English literature.
T.S. Eliot also wrote several verse dramas. His dramatic poem 
“Murder in the Cathedral”(1935) and four tragicomedies, “The 
Family Reunion” (1939), “The Cocktail Party” (1950), “The 
Confidential Clerk” and “The Elder Statesman”, held a much wider 
audience than his non-dramatic works.
Eliot was awarded the Nobel Prize.

---

Wystan Hugh Auden 
(1907-1973)
Literary critics consider, that after W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot, 
W.H. Auden is the most influential English poet in the modem 
period. Auden spent the first thirty-two years ofhis life in England 
and most of the remainder part in the United States. Like T.S. 
Eliot, W.H. Auden is often regarded as both an English and an 
American writer.
W.H. Auden was born in York in the family of a distinguished 
physician. He was educated at Oxford where he read English, 
specializing in Anglo-Saxon literature. After graduating from Ox­
ford in 1928, Auden spent a year in Berlin where he was strongly 
influenced by contemporary German literature.
His public reputation as a poet began with the publication of 
“Poems” in 1930. Auden earned his leaving by teaching at schools 
in England and Scotland. In 1937 he went to Spain, where he 
drove an ambulance for the Republicans.
In 1939 Auden moved to the United States and gave frequent 
lectures at American universities. In 1946, seven years after his 
arrival, he became an American citizen. At that period, he pub­
lished his volumes of poems “For the Time Being” (1945) and 
“The Age of Anxiety (1948). The postwar period has come to be 
known as “The Age of Anxiety”, from the title ofhis volume. 
Beginning with 1948, he divided his time between New York and

---

Europe. In 1972 he was elected Professor of Poetry at Oxford. In 
1972 he transferred his winter residence from New York to Ox­
ford, where his college had provided him with a small house. He 
died in Vienna in 1973.
His most important volumes of poems of later period were “The 
Shield of Achilles” (1959), “Homage to Clio” (1960), “About the 
House”(1966), and “City Without Walls” (1970). Auden has also 
written a great deal of literary criticism and opera libretto.
Auden's poetry is experimental and innovating in an attempt 
to render the spirit of the age of Anxiety by departing from old 
poetical conventions. Auden delighted in playing with words, in 
employing a variety of rhythms, and creating striking literary ef­
fects. But he was also insistent that “Art is not enough”; poetry 
must also fulfill a moral function, principally that of dispelling 
hate and promoting love. The paradoxes in his works make the 
readers think and be analytical. In his sonnet “Who’s Who” Auden 
gives the opposition of a great man and ordinary one and ap­
proaches certain modern values ironically.
Who’s Who
A shilling life will give you all the facts:
How Father beat him, how he ran away,
What were the struggles ofhis youth, what acts 
Made him the greatest figure ofhis day:
Of how he fought, fished, hunted, worked all night,
Though giddy, climbed new mountains; named a sea;
Some of the last researchers even write 
Love made him weep his pints like you and me.
With all his honors on, he sighed for one 
Who, say astonished critics, lived at home;
Did little jobs about the house with skill 
And nothing else; could whistle; would sit still 
Or potter round the garden; answered some 
Ofhis ong marvelous letters but kept none.

---

Dylan Thomas 
(1914-1953)
Dylan Thomas, a Welsh poet, is the author of some of the 
most stirring, passionate and eloquent verse in modem literature. 
He was born in Swansea, Wales. His father was a schoolteacher 
and poet whose readings of the Bible, Shakespeare and other 
poets stimulated Thomas’s early fascination with words.
Thomas left school at 16 and spent fifteen months as a 
newspaper reporter, but poetry writing was more to his taste. He 
published his first volume of poetry at the age of nineteen and 
continued to publish books of verse during the 1930s. He pub­
lished “Eighteen Poems’" in 1934 and “Twenty-Five Poems” in 
1936. The literary critics consider the poems o f these two 
collections frustratingly difficult. Dylan Thomas himself wrote 
to a friend: 
”1
like things that are difficult to write and difficult to 
understand. ... I like contradicting my images, saying two things 
at once in one word, four in two and one in six”. His most fa­
mous collection of poems ‘Deaths and Entrances” (1946), reveals 
a movement away from obscurity to a simpler, more direct, yet 
ceremonial style.
A collection of stories about his childhood and youth “Por­
trait of the Artist as a Young Dog” appeared in 1940. During 
World War 11 Thomas worked for BBC as a documentary film 
editor and also as a radio broadcaster.
Another book of boyhood reminiscences “Quite Early One

---

Moming” (1954), and a verse play, “Under Milk Wood’ (1954), 
were published after his death.
Dylan Thomas’s poems written in earlier period and later pe­
riod greatly differ in their approach to life and mortality. Young 
Dylan Thomas was obsessed with mortality, an awareness that 
“the force” that gives life to plants and people is also the “de­
stroyer”, the later Thomas came to the realization that “...death 
shall have no dominion” in a cosmos in which all living things 
exist in a perpstual cycle of change and rebirth. Here is one ofhis 
poems written at later period:
Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night 
Old age should burn and rave at close of day;
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Though w se men at their end know dark is right,
Because their words had forked no lightning they 
Do not go gentle into that good night.
Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright 
There; frail deeds might have danced in a green bay,
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
Wild men who caught and sang the sun in flight,
And leam, too late, they grieved it on its way,
Do not go gentle into that good night.
Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight 
Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay,
Rage., rage against the dying of the light.
And you, my father, there on the sad height,
Curse, bless, me now with your fierce tears, I pray.
Do not go gentle into that good night.
Rage , rage against the dying of the light.

---

Richard Aldington
(1892- 1962)
Richard Aldington was born in Hampshire and educated at 
Dover College and the University of London, which he left 
without taking any degree. Richard Aldington began his literary 
work in the years preceding the World War I. His first poems 
appeared in the years 1909-1912 and a book of verse “Images 
Old and New” was published in 1915. By 1916 Aldington was 
in the army in France, from where he returned with a bad case 
of shell-shock. For several years, until he recovered his health, 
he earned a living by translations and literary journalism. In 
his early poetry Aldington often opposes mythological images 
of Ancient Greece to unlovely pictures of life in industrial 
cities. The harmony and beauty of Greek art he sees as an 
ideal lacking in contemporary reality. The war became a major 
experience for the young poet. In 1919 he published a new 
book o f poetry “Images of War”. War is shown here as a 
crime against life and beauty.
In later years Aldington devoted himself more to press and 
produced several successful novels: “Death of a Hero” (1929), 
“The Colonel’s Daughter” (1931), “All Men are Enemies” (1933), 
“Very Heaven” (1937) and some other books.
“Death of a Hero” (1929), dedicated to the so-called “ lost 
generation”, is his first and most important novel. (“Lost generation” 
is an expression widely used about the generation that had

---

taken part in World War I or was affected by it). Aldington’s 
“Death of a Hero” is regarded as one of the most powerful antiwar 
novels of the period. The writer shows his: deep concern for the 
post-war “lost generation” in his collections of stories “Roads to 
GIory”(1930), and “Soft Answers” (1932) as well. He is also the 
author of several biographies. Among his last works, the best 
novel is “Lawrence of Arabia” (1955). Basically his art is strongly 
linked with the traditions of the nineteenth century critical realism.
Agatha Christie 
(1891-1976)
Agatha Christie, a prominent detective writer, was bom at 
Torquay, Devonshire. She was educated at home and took singing 
lessons in Paris. Her creative work began at the end of World 
War I. Her first novel, “The Mysterious Affair at Styles” appeared 
in 1920. Here she created Hercule Poirot, the little Belgian 
detective, the most popular sleuth in fiction since Sherlock 
Holmes. General recognition came with the publication ofher 
sixth work “The Murder of Roger Ackroy d” (1926).
With “Murder at the Vicarage” (1930) Agatha Christie began 
a series of novels featuring Miss Marple, a lady detective who 
won a universal appeal for her wise but unusual methods of 
unraveling a crime.
Beginning with 1952 Agatha Christie enjoyed another run of

---

success with theatre adaptations of her fiction and plays. Many 
ofher stories have been filmed including “The Secret Adversary”, 
“The Murder of Roger Ackroyd’(cinema title “Alibi’'), “Ten Little 
Niggers”, “Murder on the Orient Express” and “Witness for the 
Prosecution”.
Agatha Christie also wrote six romantic novels under the 
penname Mary Westmacott. Her last Poirot book “Curtain” ap­
peared shortly before her death (though it was written in the 
1940th) and her last Miss Marple story “Sleeping Murder” and 
her “Autobiography” were published posthumously.
She is the author of seventy-seven detective novels and books 
of stories that have been translated into every major language. 
Agatha Christie’s success w'ith millions of readers cannot be ac­
counted only for the good entertainment; the explanation lies in 
her ability to combine clever plots with excellent character draw­
ing, and a keen sense of humor with great power of observation. 
Besides her books proclaim that justice will win and evil will be 
conquered. Her works defend rationality and never go beyond 
those aspects of human nature that are our common stock.
John Boynton Priestley 
(1894-1984)
John Boynton Priestley was born in Bradford, Yorkshire in the 
family of a schoolmaster. He was educated in his native town,

---

and after army service in World War 1 he returned to study at 
Trinity Hall, Cambridge. In 1922 he began to work in London as a 
reviewer, essayist and literaryjournalist. During World War II he 
won hi:; countrymen’s affection as a patriotic broadcaster of the 
BBC.
Priestley ’s career as a novelist began in 1927 with the publica­
tion of‘ Benighted”. In 1929 he published “The Good Companions” 
which was awarded the James Tait Black Prize and was a popu­
lar success as well. His novels, written over a period of almost 
fifty years include, “Angel Pavement” (1930), “The Wonder Hero” 
(1933). “They Walk in the City” (1936), “Let the People Sing “ 
(1939), “Black-Out in Gretley” (1942), “Daylight on Saturday” 
(1943 ), “Bright Day” (1946), “Festival of Fairbridge” (1951), “The 
Magicians” (1954), ‘Sir.Michael and Sir George” (1964), “The 
Lost Empires” (1965), “Salt is Living” (1966), “It’s an Old 
Country” (1967), “The Image Men” (1968-69). These books are 
extremely varied in kind and quality but they are all united by their 
author's concern for humanity, for the happiness of men and 
w'omer.. His books present a wide view of mid-20lh century life in 
England.
In 1930s Priestley began a new career as a playwright with a 
dramatization of “The Good Companions” (1931) which was fol­
lowed by a series of plays valuable as contributions to the social 
history of England. Among these plays “Dangerous Comer”( 1932), 
“Time and Conways” (1937), “An Inspector Calls” (1946) show 
Priestley’s detestation of the inhumanity in the existing social sys­
tem and sympathy for common English people.
J.B Priestley’s list of published works also includes literary 
history (e.g. “Figures in Modem Literature”, “The English Comic 
Characters”, “George Meredith”, “Literature and Western Man”), 
social criticism (e.g.” Man and Time”, “Victoria in Heyday”, “The 
English”) and philosophical essays (e.g. “Apes and Angels’, “De­
light”, “The Moments - and Other Pieces”).

---

Archibald Joseph Cronin 
(1896-1981)
Archibald Joseph Cronin is considered a very prominent 
representative of critical realism. He was born at Cardross, 
Dumbartonshire, Scotland, educated at Dumbarton Academy and 
in 1914 began to study medicine at the Glasgow University. But 
his studies were interrupted by World War I. when he served in 
the Navy as a surgeon sub-lieutenant. In 1919 he graduated from 
the Glasgow University. After graduation from the University he 
started practice first in Scotland and later in South Wales and the 
West End of London. While working in South Wales, Cronin 
studied hard to receive higher medical degree. He was awarded 
his M.D. by the Glasgow University.
In 1930 Cronin’s health broke down. Being unable to practice 
medicine any longer, he decided to try his hand at literature. 
“Hatter’s Castle”, written in 1931 was his first novel and 
unassuming honesty ofhis work won him fame and recognition. 
At the age of thirty he had won a gold medal in a nation-wide 
competition for the best historical essay of the year.
“Hatter’s Castle” is an extremely gloomy novel. The plot cen­
ters round the life of the Brodie family. The head of the family, 
Mr.Brodie, is a rich fanner, a proud, selfish, wicked man. His 
cruelty and vanity ruin the life ofhis wife and children. The end of 
the book is tragic. The novel is talented and exciting, but the events 
and characters are shown in the naturalistic manner - they lack

---

the critical interpretation of the events. The author does not go 
deep into the social causes which give rise to such vicious 
characters as Mr.Brodie.
The next novel “The Stars Look. Down” (1935) marks the be­
ginning of Cronin ’s most mature period. The book deals with the 
burning problems of life: labor and capital, politics, economics, 
strikes in coalmines, education, marriage and so on. The action 
takes place in the North of England during World War I. The cen­
tral conflict of the novel is the fight of the miners against the pit- 
owners. Cronin does not support the revolutionary struggle of the 
workers (in his opinion it is inevitably doomed to failure), but his 
sympathy with the working people is quite evident. The charm of 
“The Stars Look Down” lies in a realistic portrayal of the characters 
and a truthful description of the hard life of the miners. The novel 
is justly considered one of the best works of realism.
In “The Citadel’’ (1937), as in many novels of the later pe­
riod, Cronin deals with the life and work of an intellectual (usu­
ally a medical man). He shows that the profession of a doctor is 
honorable and important, but it is often regarded only as a means 
of taking money. Thus a physician faces an alternative, either to 
prosper at the expense of others or to do his best to help poor 
suffering humanity and so to be doomed to poverty. Andrew 
Manson, the main character of “The Citadel”, has to face this 
alternative. “The Citadel” is a social novel. It is considered to be 
Cronin’s masterpiece. The book describes different aspects of 
life in the first half of the 
20
"’ century, which the author knew 
well from his own experience.
Questions and Tasks
1. What themes dominated in Richard Aldington’s works?
1. What important novels written by Richard Aldington do 
you know?
2. Who are the main detectives in Agatha Christie’s books?
3. What are the most popular works written by J.B. Priestley?

---

5. What was the title of the first novel written by Archibald 
Joseph Cronin?