Buchara state university m. Bakoeva, E. Muratova, M. Ochilova english literature

Part 1. A voyage to Lilliput.
Part 2. A voyage to Brobdingnag.
Part3. A voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Luggnagg, Glabdubdrib 
and Japan.
Part 4. A voyage to the co unty of the Houyhnhnms.
Thus, Gulliver first visits Lilliputians-tiny people whose bodies 
and surroundings are only 
1 / 1 2
the size of normal people and 
things. At first (he Lilliputians treat Gulliver well. Gulliver helps 
them, but after a time they turn against him and he escapes their 
land.
G u lliv er’s second voyage takes him to the country o f 
Brobdingnag, where people are 
1 2
times larger than Gulliver and 
amused by his tiny size.
Gulliver’s third voyage takes him to several strange kingdoms. 
The conduct o f the strange people o f these countries shows the 
types o f foolishness Swift saw in his world. For example, in the 
academy o f Lagado, scholars waist all their time on useless projects 
such as extracting sunbeams from cucumbers. Here Swift satirizes 
impractical scientists and philosophers.
In his last voyage, Gulliver discovers a land ruled by wise and 
gentle horses called Houyhnhnms. Stupid, savage creatures called 
Yahoos zJso live there. The Yahoos look like human beings. The 
Houyhnhnms dislike and distrust Gulliver because he looks like 
Yahoos, and they believe he is also a Yahoo. Gulliver wishes to 
stay in the company o f the Houyhnhnms, but they force him to 
leave.
Thus in each country Gulliver makes observations about society 
in general. He finally returns to England with a painful recognition 
o f his own country’s flaws.
The greatest merit of the novel is the satirical description o f all 
the vices o f the society o f the time. Under the cloak o f fantasy

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Swift satirized the politics o f the time, religious prejudices, wars 
o f ambition and the absur dity o f many aspects of science.
Swift’s style is uniquely simple. Every line and every detail is 
alive but it is full of biting satire. The author presents the most 
improbable situations with the utmost gravity and makes the reader 
believe them. Defoe’s prose is clear, it is a clarity sustained by the 
most vigorous mind of the century. It defies imitation. Never is 
the meaning obscure, and each argument is developed with a deadly 
certainty, not through rhetoric, but by putting the proper words in 
the proper places.
Jonathan Swift had a great influence on the writers who came 
after him. His work has become popular in all languages. Like 
Defoe’s “Robinson Crusoe”, it has the merit both of amusing 
children and making rr.en think.
Questions and Tasks
1. What role did Sir William Temple play in Swift’s literary 
career?
2. Speak about Swift’s first satire.
3. What did Swift criticize in his pamphlets?
4. When was Swift's masterpiece “Gulliver’s Travels” written 
and why did it make a great sensation?
5. Whom did Swift mean to ridicule when describing the 
country of Lilliput and the Lilliputian?
6
. Whom is Swift’s satire directed at when he describes the 
flying island and the way taxes are collected from the people?
7. What was Swift 's attitude towards England’s war policy?
8
. Why did Swift’s “Gulliver’s Travels” become popular in all 
languages?
The Development of the English Realistic Novel
The development o f the novel is one ofthe great achievements 
o f English literature. The foundations of early realism in English 
literature were laid by Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift. Their 
novels were of a new type and with a new hero, but they were 
based on imaginary voyages and adventures supposed to take

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place far from England. Gradually the readers’ tastes changed. 
They wanted to find more and more of their own life reflected in 
literature. These demands were satisfied when the great novels 
o f Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding and Tobias Smollett 
appeared one after another. They marked a new stage in the 
development of literature. The greatest merit o f these novelists is 
in their deep sympathy for the common man. The common man is 
shown in his actual surroundings, which makes him convincing, 
believab e, and true to life. With Fielding the novel had come of 
age. He had established it in one of its most notable forms, middle- 
class real ism. He had endowed it with a conception o f forms, and 
made it an art not unworthy of comparison with the pictorial art.
Many scholars consider Samuel Richardson’s “Pamela” (1740) 
tp be the first true novel in English. This book is highly moralistic. 
In contrast, the novels o f Henry Fielding and Tobias Smollett are 
humorous and satiric. Laurence Stem was another leading novelist 
o f the period. With the above-mentioned writers, yet background 
alone 
w
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lacking, and was to remain absent until Walter Scott 
gave it lavishly in his fictions. Above all, he had less reticence 
than Richardson, and less than any ofthe novelists that succeeded 
him in the nineteenth century.
Henry Fielding 
(1707 - 1754)

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Henry Fielding was the greatest representative of realism in 
the 18,h century. He was from an aristocratic family and studied 
at the old-established boys school of Eton. At the age of twenty 
he started writing for the stage, and his first play “Love in Several 
Masques”