Case studies on implementation in kenya, morocco, philippines
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Crop Seed production Rate of use of (metric tonnes) certified seed (%) Rice 6,396 22.77 Hard yellow corn 771 10.06 Grains and legumes (beans, Lima beans, broad beans and peas) 75 0.57 Cereals (wheat and barley) 117 0.47 Potato 2,677 0.46 Table 4 Seed Production and Rate of Use of Certified Seed per Crop (July 2006–August 2007) Source: SENASA (2009). Year Paddy rice Potato Hard yellow Cereals Grain legumes corn (wheat and barley) (beans, Lima bean, broad beans and peas) 2001 301,230 248,238 304,578 302,974 231,153 2002 320,210 272,266 278,000 294,153 227,122 2003 315,938 262,912 292,982 290,794 225,361 2004 286,564 261,062 270,502 270,530 216,953 2005 353,056 267,896 286,881 286,976 232,575 2006 346,292 260,196 287,477 295,329 260,415 2007 351,155 292,736 306,460 309,078 264,022 Table 5 Hectares planted with certified seed (2001-2007) Source: SENASA (2009). 113 The multilateral system of access and benefit sharing Case studies on implementation in Kenya, Morocco, Philippines and Peru // PERU Another reason for farmers’ limited participation in the formal seed system is a lack of confidence in the seed that is sold as an alternative to the traditional sources. Farmers rely heavily on the information provided by the supplier in terms of variety traits and seed quality. Small farmers are risk averse and rely mainly on their traditional seed supply systems: ancient selection and seed-handling practices; seed exchange in the community and with neighbouring farmers; seed fairs; local markets and ‘the route of seed’ or seed roads, 27 among others. These mechanisms are linked to relations of trust, interdependence and reciprocity that are part of the cultural heritage and identity of rural communities. According to the studies by M. Hermann et al. (2009), farmers primordially use their own seed storage in 80 percent of the cultivated areas. S. De Haan (2009) also indicates in a study related to the exchange of native potato seeds in the central Andes region that about 40 percent of the interviewed farmers use seed from their own sources. A study conducted in 2008 on the implementation of farmers' rights in Peru highlights the slow disappearance of traditional exchange systems, the difficulty for farmers to access high quality planting material of traditional varieties and, most importantly, the gradual disappearance of the conservationist farmer (Scurrah, Anderson and Winge, 2009). In order to change this situation, the study presents a series of measures: the establishment of local or community seed banks, the initiation of seed fairs, the development of catalogues documenting traditional local varieties and related knowledge, the development of exchange mechanisms, the identification of high quality seed production farmers, the rehabilitation of old seed sources known for their high quality, the guarantee of the quality of propagation material sources, the training of farmers for breeding efforts and the promotion of participatory breeding. The INIA has taken some important steps towards the commercialization of quality seed of native crops and varieties. In November 2008, the INIA adopted the necessary measures to register 61 native varieties of potatoes in the National Register of Commercial Cultivars, allowing for the formal commercialization of their seeds by farmers and other seed producers. The INIA’s action was a response to several failed attempts to register some native potato varieties by farmers. In order to make the registration of traditional and farmers’ varieties affordable, the INIA and SENASA adopted specialized procedures and standards for the official requirement of adaptability and efficiency of the varieties. In addition, the INIA and SENASA agreed that native varieties would be exempted from paying the registration fee. For the same purpose, the Ministry of Agriculture has created a National Register of Peruvian Native Potatoes, which is overseen by the INIA. 28 4. Peru’s participation in international germplasm exchange and conservation initiatives 29 Since 1993, Peru has participated in two international plant genetic resources networks: the Andean Plant Genetic Resources Network (REDARFIT), 30 a cooperative program for research and technology transfer, and the Amazon Network for Genetic Resources (TROPIGEN), 31 which is primarily aimed at capacity building. Peru’s annual contribution to the networks amounts to US $10,000 through the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture’s (IICA) cooperative programs for agricultural research and technology transfer. In general, the importance of these networks is remarkable (and they should be further empowered): skills are being developed, regional initiatives are gaining knowledge, regional projects for germplasm conservation are being developed and proposals to increase added value are incoming. It is especially important for Peru because of its participation in various collaborative projects that include international organizations and counterparts in the Andean countries. Participation in these networks result in benefits such as the strengthening of germplasm conservation, which has led to the development of new collections and training on issues related to management and conservation of germplasm (Rios, 2009). 32 In addition, participation in these networks has been useful to identify and prioritize regional issues and crops for conservation, which was the case during the development of the Hemispheric Strategy for Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (Norgen Biotek Corporation et al., 2008). The countries that participated in this strategy undertook an analysis of the status of the ex situ collections for major crops in each country (indicating the conservation status of the accessions) 114 The multilateral system of access and benefit sharing Case studies on implementation in Kenya, Morocco, Philippines and Peru // PERU and outlined a strategy for the conservation of PGRFA (collections of interest to developing countries were prioritized and those referring to crops listed in Annex I). Subsequently, the Global Trust invited the individuals responsible for these collections to submit project proposals for regenerating and refreshing these collections. In the case of Peru, collections of maize, cassava and beans were prioritized. Likewise, the broad bean multiplication project was selected as a regional project, and this project was also implemented in Ecuador. The projects following projects have been developed with the support of the Global Crop Diversity Trust: • the regeneration of the corn collection (Program for Corn Research and Social Impact by the UNALM); • the regeneration of the national cassava collection (INIA); • the regeneration of the national bean collection (INIA) and • the regeneration of the national broad bean collection (INIA). 33 These projects seek to help institutions reduce the number of accessions that require regeneration, characterization and duplication. The projects will in turn regenerate a duplicate of the collections for long- term conservation in a germplasm bank that is internationally recognized (the CIP, the CIAT and so on and optionally a deposit in a black box in Svalbard). Peru has also participated in networks sponsored by the International Fund for Agricultural Development; the Andean Consortium (including Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru); the Inventive Systems of World Heritage network (under the Global Environmental Facility and coordinated by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)); the Strengthening of Indigenous Organizations and Support for Knowledge Rescue in High Andean Areas network (under the New Zealand government and the FAO), the Monitoring System for In Situ Conservation and the Project of Agro-Biodiversity Conservation in the Farmers Fields networks (the latter based on outputs of the former in situ project). Additionally, with the support of other institutions such as Bioversity International, the Regional Fund for Agricultural Technology, the European Community Commission, the Spanish government, the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) and the IICA, projects were developed for agricultural technology transfer, valuation and sustainable use of PGRFA for both in situ and ex situ conservation. In general, although networks promote various collaborative activities, there has been to date no exchange of materials or material transfer agreements being developed in this area. Usually, there are difficulties in germplasm exchange among countries of the Andean region, especially for the development of new crops, as a result of mistrust and fear of competing in the same markets and restrictions associated with national access policies (Ramirez, 2008). 5. Information systems The agricultural sector in general is lacking a reliable information system that allows better management of access and use of PGRFA. This gap is evident in the case of research centres: the documentation systems are generally inadequate, and there is little coordination at the regional and national levels. In the ex situ conservation centres, there is no standardized information system that interested parties can easily access in order to identify duplicated samples, potential gaps in the collections and collaborative conservation strategies. This situation has led to the isolation of researchers and has hindered communication with decision makers and farmers in the country. The result is a poor understanding of the importance of PGRFA conservation for the development of the country (that is, its benefits for nutrition and food security) – in particular, the fragmentation and duplication of various research projects. Despite this discouraging situation, some efforts have been made to process information on genetic resources and make it available to the public. The Catalogue of the National Collections of the Germplasm Bank, which is published by the INIA’s Subdirección de Recursos Genéticos y Biotecnología, includes passport data from 22 of the 30 national collections. The digitalization of the data was done with support from the US Department 115 The multilateral system of access and benefit sharing Case studies on implementation in Kenya, Morocco, Philippines and Peru // PERU of Agriculture, which has allowed it to adopt the Grin system. The National Registers of Native Potato and Native Corn were developed with free access to the Internet. 34 The first register had 28 native potato descriptors and the second had 11 corn descriptors, both were developed with a participatory approach with farmers and the academic community. These registers include an important innovation that allows for the identification of the source of genetic material, such as the name and location of the farmer or the community that provides the genetic material. It should be noted, however, that the vast amount of information on PGRFA and traditional knowledge as well as on the practices obtained as a result of the Project on the In-situ Conservation of Native Crops and Wild Relatives (2001-5) is still not available although the project was finalized in 2005. The main reasons for this delay include an inability to get the system operational; a lack of prior informed consent by the communities and fears from participating institutions that misappropriation could occur. In addition to these public information systems, there are other systems that are promoted jointly with civil society aimed at collecting, processing and disseminating the agricultural information that is available in the country (for researchers and producers). Examples include Infoandina and AgroRed Peru. 35 Specifically, AgroRed Peru is a meta-information system that aims to promote, exchange and make effective use of relevant information for the development of agriculture in the country, and it is aimed at researchers, academics, technology transfer agents, agricultural and rural development agents, entrepreneurs and producers. 6. Public awareness about PGRFA In increasing the public’s awareness about he use of PGRFA, communication networks developed from civil society play a very important role. Of particular importance are the massive broadcasting efforts by the Centro Peruano de Estudios Sociales (CEPES) through radio communication networks (Tierra Fecunda) and the publication of mass distribution magazines (La Revista Agraria). Also of great importance are the community networks that use radio as a tool for linking small-scale farmers and remote communities with fewer resources. Among the latter, we can mention the network of rural communities of Cusco and Apurimac (with 71 journalists and 210 radio stations and one regional information centre) 36 as well as the initiative of the Pullasunchis Association – radio broadcasting in the Andean schools – which is also in the Cusco region. 37 At the national level, the information networks that use the Internet are important, including Servindi (Intercultural Communication Services, Download 0.81 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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