Centrality of the Regional akis centres/ Regional Innovation Hubs to the Development of akis introduction


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Ирландия тажрибаси AKIS

Suggested Calendar of Events
The following list of events is based on the Irish AKIS system which is considered to be one of the ‘best practice’ systems within the EU. This calendar is not intended to be prescriptive. It would be preferable if the Regional Centres devised their own unique list of events but this list provides a good guideline. Some of these activities will be ongoing through the year while others will occur periodically.

  1. Farmer Innovation Groups (ongoing). Each commodity area of importance to the Region should have associated Farmer Innovation Groups (e.g. Cotton, wheat, intensive fruits and vegetables etc). The number of groups possible will depend on available resources. Each Group would consist of about 20-25 participants and would be facilitated by an Advisor. The number of meetings held within a year will depend on the available resources. In the Irish model, for instance, each group would meet about 8 times per year. A lower frequency of meetings could be considered, however, in the Uzbek system. Each Group should elect a Chairperson and Secretary and would be assigned an advisor to act as facilitator. Normally the facilitator would attend each meeting. But this is something that could be amended given the limited resources that are available. With proper training it may be possible to have the Innovation Group operate some meetings without the Advisor being present and the role of facilitator could be undertaken by the Chairperson. This would enable the scaling of the number of Farmer Innovation Groups.

The Agenda for each meeting should be drawn up by the Advisor in consultation with the Regional Director and the Innovation Group chairpersons. The Agenda should reflect the challenges confronting farmers.
Meetings ideally should be held in the field and rotate among the farmer members of the Group. Normally the first item on the Agenda would be a short discussion of the issues relevant to the “host” farmer.
Each advisor needs to given a reasonable target to establish a number of Innovation Groups. Proper lists of names, addresses, emails, telegram account numbers etc need to be maintained. Regular communication using SMS etc to each group should be ensured by tge advisor.
Advisors will require training in facilitation techniques as well as in technical areas with respect to individual commodities and cross-cutting issues.

  1. Development of decision-support tools (ongoing): The regional advisors in collaboration with researchers, educators and the national AKIS team should develop IT-based decision-support tools for farmers. Typically these tools will focus on decision supports for technical and financial matters. These tools can be integrated into farming training.

  2. Continuing Farmer Education (ongoing). The Regional Centre Director, in collaboration with the Centre’s advisors and regional education bodies (vocational colleges and universities) should organise a series of short (3-12 hours duration) training courses for farmers in each commodity area and in cross-cutting areas (e.g. Water use and climate change, financial literacy, IT, social media, etc). Participating farmers should receive appropriate certificates upon the completion of these courses. These courses would be delivered by a combination of advisors and teachers in the vocational colleges and universities.

  3. Training for rural professionals that engage with farmers (ongoing). Farmers are influenced by several entities in taking on-farm decisions, e.g. Ministry regulations and programmes, input suppliers and agro-processors, veterinarians, banking and finance, others. Many of these entities are insufficiently aware of the challenges and problems confronting farmers in different districts and commodities. Many of these entities, may be offering inappropriate advice or device that contradicts ‘best practice’. The Regional Manager in collaboration with relevant research institutes and educational bodies, together with the Centre’s advisors could organise a schedule of short courses (3-4 hours maximum) targeted at these entities. The objective of these courses would be to 1) inform the target group of the challenges confronting farmers in each commodity and 2) to bring to the the attention of the participants any developments in research or education that may have an impact on the future of agriculture.

  4. Annual Conferences and Workshops (periodic). The Regional Manager in consultation with the national AKIS directors should organise a Conference each year, or, every other year, as appropriate, for each major commodity area. This conference would address general issues affecting the sub-sector, including price and market trends, major technical developments, policy and regulatory developments, etc. The conference papers would be presented by a combination of advisors, researchers, educators, farmers, agro processors and others. The Regional Manager should decide if such a conference needs to be held each year or every other year. But every other year should be the minimum frequency. There will also be an opportunity to organise Technical Workshops throughout the year on specific technical issues and problems.

  5. Annual Research Open Days (periodic). The Regional Manager should, in consultation with the relevant research institutes, in the Region or outside of the Region, as appropriate, the organise a number of “Research Open Days” on their facilities each year. The frequency of these “Open Days” should be no less than biennial. The normal structure of an “Open Day” is that the Research Institute responsible for, for example, Cotton Production, would invite cotton producers, processors and other interested parties to visit the facility on a particular day. Visitors would have the opportunity to participate in a tour of the facility (field and labs) to learn about ongoing and future research. A series of exhibits/posters would be displayed throughout the facility. At each exhibit a short talk would be given by researchers and advisors/educators. This would be followed by a Q&A.

  6. Annual Farm Walks (periodic). While farmers value visiting research facilities they also place a huge value on visiting “real” farms where farmers have implemented “best practices” under “real world” technical and market conditions. A model that has worked well in many countries is to organise through the year a series of “Farm Walks” for all relevant commodities on these exemplary farms. These “walks” should be held in different districts. They would be primarily organised by the advisors attached to the Regional Centres. The format of the “walks” would typically follow that of the “Open Days” but on a smaller scale. A series of exhibits/posters would be distributed throughout the farm designed to demonstrate the contribution of “recommended practices” on the productivity and profitability of the farm. At each exhibit a short talk would be given by an advisor but the Regional Manager could also invite guest research and experts.

  7. Production of Quality Information Materials, Including, Videos and Website (ongoing). Each Regional Centre needs to develop a set of quality materials in hard and electronic format that can be distributed to farms at all events (Innovation Groups, Open Days, Farm Walks, education events, etc). These materials need to be designed in collaboration with the national AKIS media specialist and experts. The focus needs to be on devising relevant and highly communicable information to enable farmers to improve their productivity and profitability. The long-term plan is to develop a comprehensive suite of materials (including videos and social media products) that can be used for all AKIS regional centres. In the meantime materials should be prepared in collaboration, with a view to integrating such material into a coherent national set of hard copy and electronic materials at a future date. Regional Managers should consider establishing a Farmer on-line Innovation Group on Facebook/Telegram with a light touch moderation by the regional advisory team.

  8. Regular print, TV, Radio and Social Media Communication (ongoing). Each centre should have a strong and regular presence on regional print, TV and radio and social media outlets and. It will be the responsibility of the Regional Manager to organise and promote this activity with the support of national AKIS experts.

  9. Establish links with agro processors (ongoing). Relationships with all of the main regional food processors need to be established with a view to creating mutually beneficial working relationships. The creation of these relationships needs to be led by the Regional Mansger and supported by national AKIS experts. Initial contacts need to followed up with the submission of business plans.

  10. Establish links with NGOs, hukumats, banks, etc (ongoing). The Regional Manager with guidance and support from the national AKIS team needs to establish excellent working relationships with all relevant players in the region. These relationships need to be developed with a view to setting up enduring partnerships and collaborations.

Mintaqaviy AKIS markazlari/ AKISni rivojlantirish uchun hududiy innovatsion markazlarning markaziyligi


Kirish
Samarali AKISni yaratish organik jarayondir. AKIS bu narsa emas, bu tarmoq. Muvaffaqiyatli AKIS AKISni tashkil etuvchi davlat va xususiy sohalardagi muhim tugunlar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarning "qalinligi" bilan tan olinadi. Shunday qilib, Uzbeq afro-oziq-ovqat sektorini rivojlantirishni qo'llab-quvvatlay oladigan AKISni qurishdagi muhim jarayonlar doimiy hamkorlikni o'rnatish bilan bog'liq.
Yuqori darajadagi boshqaruv tuzilmasi kelishib olindi va kadrlar ishga qabul qilinmoqda. Milliy darajadagi keyingi qatlam Dastur rahbarlaridir. Bu ish tavsiflari hali yozilmagan. Dastur rahbarlari tadqiqot, maslahat va ta'lim sohasidagi milliy dasturlarni ishlab chiqish uchun mas'uldirlar. Ushbu dasturlarning jamoaviy ishlashi Mintaqaviy AKIS markazlari yoki Mintaqaviy innovatsion markazlar orqali mintaqaviy darajada samarali birlashtiriladi. AKIS mintaqaviy markazi menejerining roli AKISning biomassaga asoslangan qiymat zanjirlarida, ayniqsa, ishlab chiqiladigan Mintaqaviy rivojlanish rejalariga muvofiq oziq-ovqat sohasida innovatsiyalarni rag'batlantirishda muvaffaqiyati uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega. Ushbu eslatmada tipik Mintaqaviy AKIS ega bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan ob'ektlar va faoliyat turlari ko'rsatilgan.
Mintaqaviy AKIS markazi ob'ektlari
Standart jihozlar
Yig'ilish xonalari va konferentsiya xonalari
Tadqiqotchilar va maslahatchilar uchun ofislarning potentsial joylashuvi
Video ishlab chiqarish korxonalari
Diagnostik testlar uchun maxsus laboratoriyalar, masalan. Tuproqlar, em-xashak sifati va oziq-ovqat
Murakkab imkoniyatlar
Agro-oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash yo'li bilan ijaraga beriladigan tegishli qayta ishlash uskunalari bilan tajriba zavodlari
Kompaniyaning Ar-ge ob'ektlari va ularning xodimlarining joylashuvi
Mintaqaviy AKIS faoliyati
Qishloq xo‘jaligida qo‘shilgan qiymat zanjiridagi innovatsiyalar O‘zbekistonda yoki boshqa mamlakatlarda olib borilgan, ammo O‘zbekistonga moslashtirilgan tadqiqotlar natijasida kelib chiqadigan “eng yaxshi tajriba”ni doimiy ravishda o‘zlashtirishni kuchaytiruvchi jarayondir. Fermerlar va protsessorlarning ushbu “eng yaxshi tajriba”ni qo'llash qobiliyatiga egalar, menejerlar va xodimlarning o'zlashtirish qobiliyati ta'sir qiladi, bu esa o'z navbatida mamlakatda mavjud bo'lgan ta'lim va kadrlar tayyorlash sifatiga katta ta'sir ko'rsatadi. Ilg'or tajribalarni qo'llashni rag'batlantirish jarayoni uchun muhim mas'uliyat maslahat yoki kengaytma xizmati zimmasiga tushadi. Maslahat yoki kengaytma xizmati ko'p mamlakatlarda mavjud bo'lgan uzoq muddatli xizmatdir. Masalan, Irlandiyada xizmat 1890-yillarda tashkil etilgan. Ko'pgina mamlakatlarda odatiy xizmat mavzu bo'yicha mutaxassislar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan soha maslahatchilaridan iborat. Maqsad fermerlarning katta va xilma-xil guruhini qamrab olish bo'lsa, ushbu model juda qimmat xizmatdir.
Bundan tashqari, an'anaviy model tadqiqot va ta'lim bo'yicha hamkorlar o'rtasida, hatto davlat sektorida ham yaqin hamkorliksiz ishlashga moyil bo'ldi. O'zbekistonda ta'minlanayotgan AKIS dastlab tadqiqot va ta'lim ishtirokchilari va xususiy sektor hamkorlari o'rtasida mustahkam aloqalarni rivojlantirishga asoslanadi. Bundan tashqari, O'zbekistonda davlat maslahat xizmati mavjud emasligi sababli, an'anaviy, mehnat talab qiladigan modeldan ko'ra innovatsion bo'lgan maslahat xizmatini rivojlantirish imkoniyati mavjud.
Mintaqaviy markazning asosiy vazifasi tadqiqot, ta'lim va maslahat xizmatlarini mintaqaviy darajada birlashtirishdan iborat. Bunga Markaz tomonidan yil davomida bir qator tadbirlarni tashkil etish orqali erishish mumkin. Malumot qulayligi uchun ushbu voqealar "Hodisalar taqvimi" deb nomlanadi.
Tavsiya etilgan tadbirlar taqvimi
Quyidagi voqealar roʻyxati Yevropa Ittifoqidagi “eng yaxshi amaliyot” tizimlaridan biri hisoblangan Irlandiya AKIS tizimiga asoslangan. Ushbu taqvim ko'rsatma berish uchun mo'ljallanmagan. Mintaqaviy markazlar o'zlarining noyob tadbirlar ro'yxatini ishlab chiqsalar, afzalroq bo'lardi, ammo bu ro'yxat yaxshi ko'rsatma beradi. Ushbu tadbirlarning ba'zilari yil davomida davom etadi, boshqalari esa vaqti-vaqti bilan amalga oshiriladi.
1. Fermer innovatsion guruhlari (davom etmoqda). Mintaqa uchun muhim bo'lgan har bir tovar sohasi Fermer innovatsion guruhlariga (masalan, paxta, bug'doy, intensiv meva va sabzavotlar va boshqalar) ega bo'lishi kerak. Mumkin bo'lgan guruhlar soni mavjud resurslarga bog'liq bo'ladi. Har bir guruh taxminan 20-25 ishtirokchidan iborat bo'ladi va ularga maslahatchi yordam beradi. Yil davomida o'tkaziladigan yig'ilishlar soni mavjud resurslarga bog'liq bo'ladi. Masalan, Irlandiya modelida har bir guruh yiliga 8 marta uchrashadi. Biroq, o'zbek tizimida yig'ilishlarning kamroq chastotasini hisobga olish mumkin. Har bir guruh rais va kotibni saylashi va maslahatchi sifatida maslahatchi tayinlanishi kerak. Odatda fasilitator har bir yig'ilishda qatnashardi. Ammo bu cheklangan resurslarni hisobga olgan holda o'zgartirilishi mumkin bo'lgan narsa. Tegishli tayyorgarlik bilan Innovatsiyalar guruhi ba'zi yig'ilishlarni maslahatchi ishtirokisiz o'tkazishi mumkin va fasilitator rolini rais o'z zimmasiga olishi mumkin. Bu Fermer innovatsion guruhlari sonini kengaytirish imkonini beradi.
Har bir majlis uchun kun tartibi Maslahatchi tomonidan Mintaqaviy direktor va Innovatsion guruh raislari bilan kelishilgan holda tuzilishi kerak. Kun tartibida fermerlar oldida turgan vazifalar aks etishi kerak.
Yig'ilishlar dalada o'tkazilishi va guruh a'zolari o'rtasida almashinishi kerak. Odatda kun tartibining birinchi moddasi “mezbon” fermerga tegishli masalalarning qisqacha muhokamasi bo'ladi.
Har bir maslahatchiga bir qator Innovatsion Guruhlarni yaratish uchun oqilona maqsad qo'yilishi kerak. Ismlar, manzillar, elektron pochtalar, telegramdagi hisob raqamlari va hokazolarning to'g'ri ro'yxatini saqlash kerak. Har bir guruh bilan SMS va hokazolardan foydalangan holda muntazam aloqa tge maslahatchisi tomonidan ta'minlanishi kerak.
Maslahatchilar yordam berish texnikasi, shuningdek, individual tovarlar va o'zaro bog'liq masalalar bo'yicha texnik sohalarda o'qitishni talab qiladi.
2. Qaror qabul qilishni qo'llab-quvvatlash vositalarini ishlab chiqish (davom etmoqda): Mintaqaviy maslahatchilar tadqiqotchilar, o'qituvchilar va milliy AKIS jamoasi bilan hamkorlikda fermerlar uchun IT-ga asoslangan qarorlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash vositalarini ishlab chiqishlari kerak. Odatda bu vositalar texnik va moliyaviy masalalar bo'yicha qarorlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga qaratilgan. Bu vositalarni dehqonchilik mashg‘ulotlariga kiritish mumkin.
3. Uzluksiz fermer ta'limi (davom etyapti). Hududiy markaz direktori Markaz maslahatchilari va hududiy ta’lim organlari (kasb-hunar kollejlari va oliy o‘quv yurtlari) bilan hamkorlikda fermerlar uchun har bir tovar yo‘nalishida va kesishgan sohalarda (masalan, 3-12 soatlik) qisqa muddatli o‘quv kurslarini tashkil etishi kerak. Suvdan foydalanish va iqlim o'zgarishi, moliyaviy savodxonlik, IT, ijtimoiy media va boshqalar). Ishtirokchi fermerlar ushbu kurslarni tugatgandan so'ng tegishli sertifikatlarga ega bo'lishlari kerak. Ushbu kurslar kasb-hunar kollejlari va universitetlardagi maslahatchilar va o'qituvchilarning kombinatsiyasi tomonidan olib boriladi.
4. Fermerlar bilan shug'ullanadigan qishloq mutaxassislari uchun treninglar (davom etilmoqda). Fermer xo'jaliklarida qarorlar qabul qilishda bir nechta sub'ektlar ta'sirida bo'ladi, masalan. Vazirlik qoidalari va dasturlari, mahsulot yetkazib beruvchilar va qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini qayta ishlovchilar, veterinariya shifokorlari, bank va moliya va boshqalar. Ushbu sub'ektlarning aksariyati turli tuman va tovar xo'jaliklarida fermerlar duch kelayotgan qiyinchilik va muammolardan yetarlicha xabardor emas. Ushbu tashkilotlarning aksariyati “eng yaxshi amaliyot”ga zid bo‘lgan nomaqbul maslahat yoki qurilma taklif qilayotgan bo‘lishi mumkin. Mintaqaviy menejer tegishli ilmiy-tadqiqot institutlari va ta’lim organlari bilan hamkorlikda Markaz maslahatchilari bilan birgalikda ushbu sub’ektlarga mo‘ljallangan qisqa kurslar (maksimal 3-4 soat) jadvalini tashkil qilishi mumkin. Ushbu kurslarning maqsadi 1) maqsadli guruhni har bir tovar bo'yicha fermerlar duch keladigan muammolar haqida xabardor qilish va 2) qishloq xo'jaligining kelajagiga ta'sir qilishi mumkin bo'lgan tadqiqot yoki ta'lim sohasidagi har qanday ishlanmalarni ishtirokchilar e'tiboriga etkazishdir. .
5. Yillik konferentsiyalar va seminarlar (davriy). Mintaqaviy menejer AKIS milliy direktorlari bilan maslahatlashgan holda har yili yoki har ikki yilda har bir asosiy tovar sohasi uchun konferentsiya tashkil qilishi kerak. Ushbu konferentsiya sub-sektorga taalluqli umumiy masalalarni, jumladan narxlar va bozor tendentsiyalarini, asosiy texnik ishlanmalarni, siyosat va tartibga solish ishlanmalarini va hokazolarni ko'rib chiqadi. Konferentsiya ma'ruzalari maslahatchilar, tadqiqotchilar, o'qituvchilar, fermerlar, qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini qayta ishlovchilar va boshqa mutaxassislar tomonidan taqdim etiladi. boshqalar. Mintaqaviy menejer bunday konferentsiyani har yili yoki har yili o'tkazish kerakligini hal qilishi kerak. Ammo har yili eng kam chastota bo'lishi kerak. Shuningdek, yil davomida aniq texnik masalalar va muammolar bo'yicha Texnik seminarlar tashkil qilish imkoniyati mavjud.
6. Yillik tadqiqot ochiq eshiklari kunlari (davriy). Mintaqaviy menejer tegishli ilmiy-tadqiqot institutlari bilan kelishilgan holda, mintaqada yoki hududdan tashqarida, kerak bo'lganda, har yili o'z ob'ektlarida bir qator "Ochiq tadqiqot kunlari" tashkil etishi kerak. Ushbu "Ochiq eshiklar kuni"ning chastotasi ikki yilda bir martadan kam bo'lmasligi kerak. “Ochiq eshiklar kuni”ning odatiy tuzilishi shundan iboratki, masalan, paxta yetishtirish uchun mas’ul bo‘lgan ilmiy-tadqiqot instituti paxta ishlab chiqaruvchilar, qayta ishlovchilar va boshqa manfaatdor tomonlarni ma’lum bir kunda ob’ektga tashrif buyurishga taklif qiladi. Tashrif buyuruvchilar davom etayotgan va kelajakdagi tadqiqotlar haqida ma'lumot olish uchun ob'ekt (dala va laboratoriyalar) bo'ylab ekskursiyada qatnashish imkoniyatiga ega bo'ladilar. Butun ob'ekt bo'ylab bir qator ko'rgazmalar/afishalar namoyish etiladi. Har bir ko'rgazmada tadqiqotchilar va maslahatchilar/o'qituvchilar tomonidan qisqacha ma'ruza qilinadi. Shundan so'ng savol-javob bo'ladi.
7. Yillik dehqonchilik yurishlari (davriy). Fermerlar tadqiqot ob'ektlariga tashrif buyurishni qadrlashlari bilan birga, fermerlar "haqiqiy dunyo" texnik va bozor sharoitida "eng yaxshi tajribalarni" joriy etgan "haqiqiy" fermer xo'jaliklariga tashrif buyurishga katta ahamiyat berishadi. Ko'pgina mamlakatlarda yaxshi ishlagan model yil davomida ushbu namunali fermer xo'jaliklarida barcha tegishli tovarlar uchun bir qator “Ferma sayrlari”ni tashkil etishdir. Ushbu "yurishlar" turli tumanlarda o'tkazilishi kerak. Ular, birinchi navbatda, hududiy markazlarga biriktirilgan maslahatchilar tomonidan tashkillashtiriladi. "Yurishlar" formati odatda "Ochiq eshiklar kuni"ga mos keladi, lekin kichikroq miqyosda. Fermer xo'jaligining mahsuldorligi va rentabelligiga "tavsiya etilgan amaliyotlar" ning hissasini ko'rsatish uchun mo'ljallangan bir qator ko'rgazmalar/plakatlar ferma bo'ylab tarqatiladi. Har bir ko'rgazmada maslahatchi tomonidan qisqacha ma'ruza qilinadi, ammo mintaqaviy menejer mehmonlarni tadqiqot va ekspertlarni taklif qilishi mumkin.
8. Sifatli axborot materiallari, shu jumladan, videolar va veb-saytlarni ishlab chiqarish (davom etmoqda). Har bir hududiy markaz barcha tadbirlarda (Innovatsion guruhlar, Ochiq eshiklar kuni, Fermer xo‘jaliklarida sayr, ta’lim tadbirlari va h.k.) fermer xo‘jaliklariga tarqatilishi mumkin bo‘lgan qattiq va elektron formatdagi sifatli materiallar to‘plamini ishlab chiqishi kerak. Ushbu materiallar milliy AKIS media mutaxassisi va ekspertlari bilan hamkorlikda ishlab chiqilishi kerak. Asosiy e'tibor fermerlarga o'z mahsuldorligi va rentabelligini oshirishga imkon beradigan tegishli va yuqori darajada ma'lumotni ishlab chiqishga qaratilishi kerak. Uzoq muddatli reja barcha AKIS mintaqaviy markazlari uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan keng qamrovli materiallar to'plamini (jumladan, video va ijtimoiy media mahsulotlarini) ishlab chiqishdan iborat. Shu bilan birga, kelgusida bunday materiallarni qog'oz va elektron materiallarning izchil milliy to'plamiga birlashtirish maqsadida materiallar hamkorlikda tayyorlanishi kerak. Mintaqaviy menejerlar Facebook/Telegram’da mintaqaviy maslahat guruhi tomonidan engil teginish moderatsiyasi bilan Fermer on-layn innovatsiyalar guruhini tashkil etishni ko‘rib chiqishlari kerak.
9. Doimiy bosma nashrlar, televidenie, radio va ijtimoiy media bilan aloqa (davom etyapti). Har bir markaz hududiy bosma nashrlar, teleradio va ijtimoiy tarmoqlarda kuchli va muntazam ishtirok etishi kerak. AKIS milliy ekspertlari ko‘magida ushbu faoliyatni tashkil etish va targ‘ib qilish hududiy menejerning zimmasida bo‘ladi.
10. Agroprotsessorlar bilan aloqalarni o'rnatish (davom etyapti). O'zaro manfaatli ish munosabatlarini yaratish maqsadida barcha asosiy mintaqaviy oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini qayta ishlash korxonalari bilan aloqalar o'rnatilishi kerak. Ushbu aloqalarni yaratishga Mintaqaviy Mansger rahbarlik qilishi va AKIS milliy ekspertlari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanishi kerak. Dastlabki aloqalarni biznes-rejalarni topshirish bilan kuzatib borish kerak.
11. NNTlar, hukumatlar, banklar va boshqalar bilan aloqalarni o'rnatish (doimiy). Mintaqaviy menejer AKIS milliy jamoasining rahbarligi va yordami bilan mintaqadagi barcha tegishli o'yinchilar bilan mukammal ish munosabatlarini o'rnatishi kerak. Bu munosabatlar mustahkam sheriklik va hamkorlikni yo'lga qo'yish maqsadida rivojlanishi kerak.
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