Chapter 1 evolution of computer networks
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evolution
CHAPTER 1 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER NETWORKS 9 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER NETWORKS CHAPTER OUTLINE 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1.2 ROOTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS 1.2.1 Computer Networks as a Result of the Computing and Communications Technologies 1.2.2 Batch-Processing Systems 1.2.3 Multiterminal Systems: Prototype of the Computer Network 1.3 FIRST COMPUTER NETWORKS 1.3.1 First Wide Area Networks (WANs) 1.3.2 First Local Area Networks (LANs) 1.4 CONVERGENCE OF NETWORKS 1.4.1 Convergence of LANs and WANs 1.4.2 Convergence of Computer and Telecommunications Networks CHAPTER SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS PROBLEMS 1 PART I NETWORKING BASICS 10 1.1 INTRODUCTION Studying the evolution of any area of science or technology will not only stimulate your natural curiosity, it will also give you a deeper understanding of the main achievements in this area, make you aware of the existing trends, and help you to evaluate the prospects of specific developments. Computer networks emerged relatively recently, in the late 1960s. They have inherited many useful properties from their predecessors, namely, older and more widely adopted telephone networks. This is not surprising, since both computers and telephones are universal instruments of communications. However, computer networks have brought something new into the world of commu- nications namely, the practically inexhaustible store of information accumulated by human civilization during the several thousand years of its existence. This information store is continuing to grow at a steadily increasing rate. This became especially noticeable in the mid-1990s, when the rapid growth of the Internet clearly demonstrated that free and anonymous access to information and instant, written communications were highly valued by most individuals. The influence of computer networks on other types of telecommunications networks resulted in network convergence, a process that started long before the Internet. Digital voice transmission in telephone networks was one of the first signs of that convergence. More recent indications of convergence are the active development of new services in computer networks that previously were the prerogatives of telephone, radio, and TV networks, such as Voice over IP (VoIP), radio broadcasts, and TV services. The process of convergence is continuing, though without offering clear signs of its future. However, knowing the evolution of computer networks, which is described in this chapter, makes it easier to understand the main problems that developers of computer networks must face. 1.2 ROOTS OF COMPUTER NETWORKS Download 128.66 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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