Chapter 3 Measurement of Be-7 in Environmental Materials A. R. Iurian and G. E. Millward
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Iurian-Millward2019 Chapter MeasurementOfBe-7InEnvironment
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Data Handling and 7 Be Analysis Analyses of 7 Be can be challenging because of low activity concentrations and, therefore, high counting uncertainties. Sample measurements are completed after performing the energy and efficiency calibrations. Data evaluation is commonly realised using specialised gamma software, provided by the detector manufacturer or made ‘in-house’. Prior to spectrum analysis, 7 Be nuclear data (gamma energy, half-life and emission probability) should be included in the software library. The stability of the spectrometer should be checked during the measurement and during routine quality assurance procedures. Despite the apparent simplicity of gamma- ray measurements, bear in mind that there are a number of correction factors to the spectrum counting data that must be considered for the determination of 7 Be activity concentration e.g. decay correction to the sampling date, efficiency transfer factor, background correction, instrument dead time correction (IAEA 2004 ), while
a correction for soil moisture content is applied to the dried soil sample mass. A flow chart of 7 Be measurement by gamma-ray spectrometry is presented in Fig. 3.6
. Sample counting times need to be long enough (typically between 86,000 38 A. R. Iurian and G. E. Millward Fig. 3.6 Schematic protocol for 7 Be analysis by gamma-ray spectrometry (MDA Minimum Detectable Activity) and 259,000 s) to meet laboratory standard statistical uncertainty of the measurement result (commonly between 10 and 30% for 7 Be in environmental samples). Based on the information provided in the library, the instrument-specific gamma evaluation software will identify the 7 Be peak and analyse the number of counts within its peak area (Fig. 3.7
). Furthermore, following default automated sequences; the software is able to report the activity concentration (Bq kg −1 ), combined standard uncertainty and minimum detectable activity of the radionuclide found by the peak- search routine (Debertin and Helmer 1988 ). However, to achieve reliable results using the library approach, any shift effect in the spectrum should be corrected and energy calibration should be precise enough to achieve no more than one or two channels deviation between 7 Be reference energy and the one calculated from the calibration curve (IAEA 2002
). 3 Measurement of Be-7 in Environmental Materials 39
software and showing the 7 Be peak at 477.56 keV and its net area and gross/net count rate (peak data box), measurement starting time and live time (upper right part of the screen) Measurement results are commonly reported with associated combined uncer- tainty at the 95% confidence level (JCGM 2008
). For detailed information on the determination of each uncertainty component, readers can refer to Lépy et al. ( 2015 ).
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