Chapter: lexicology and its object subject matter of Lexicology

2. Classifications of homonyms.
Walter Skeat classified homonyms according to their spelling and sound forms and he pointed out three groups: perfect homonyms that is words identical i n sound and spelling, such as : «school» -" косяк рыбы " ( балык суяги ) and « школа » ( мактаб ); homographs, that is words with the same spelling but pronounced differently, For example «bov» -/bau/ - « поклон » ( таъзим )and /bou/ -" луг " ( ёй ) homophones that is words pronounced identically but spelled differently,for example. «night» - " ночь " ( кеча ) and «knight» - « рыцарь ».
Another classification was suggested by A.I Smirnitsky. He added to Skeat's classification one more criterion: grammatical meaning. He subdivided the group of perfect homonyms in Skeat's classification into two types of homonyms: perfect which are identical in their spelling, pronunciation and their grammar form, such as : «spring» in the meanings: the season of the year, a leap, a source, and homoforms which coincide in their spelling and pronunciation but have different grammatical meaning, For example. «reading» - Present Participle, Gerund, Verbal noun., to lobby - lobby .
A more detailed classification was given by I.V. Arnold 1 . She classified only perfect homonyms and suggested four criteria of their classification: lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, basic forms and paradigms.
According to these criteria I.V. Arnold pointed out the following groups: a) homonyms identical in their grammatical meanings, basic forms and paradigms and different in their lexical meanings, For example. «board» in the meanings «a council)) and « a piece of wood sawn thin»; b) homonyms identical in their grammatical meanings and basic forms, different in their lexical meanings and paradigms. For example, to lie - lied - lied, and to lie - lay - lain; c) homonyms different in their lexical meanings, grammatical meanings, paradigms, but coinciding in their basic forms, For example. «light» / «lights»/, «light» / «lighter», «lightest»/; d) homonyms different in their lexical meanings, grammatical meanings, in their basic forms and paradigms, but coinciding in one of the forms of their paradigms, For example. «a bit» and «bit» (from «to bite»).
In I. V. Arnold's classification there are also patterned homonyms, which, differing from other homonyms, have a common component in their lexical meanings. These are homonyms formed either by means of conversion, or by levelling of grammar inflexions. These homonyms are different in their grammar meanings, in their paradigms, identical in their basic forms For example. «warm» • «to warm». Here we can also have unchangeable patterned homonyms which have identical basic forms, different grammatical meanings, a common component in their lexical meanings, For example. «before» an adverb, a conjunction, a preposition. There are also homonyms among unchangeable words which are different in their lexical and grammatical meanings, identical in their basic forms, For example. « for» - « для » and «for» - « ибо ».
Homonyms must be studied diachronically and synchronically. diachronically we study the origin of homonyms, the sources of homonyms, the time of their appearance in the language. Synchronically we analyse the present pecularities of homonyms, their classification etc.
Homonyms are classified into: 1) homonyms proper; 2) homophones; 3), homographs.
Homonyms proper are words identical in pronunciation and spelling and different in meaning. For example, fast —quickly, fast a — to do smth. quickly. back — назад ( оркага ), back 2 — спина ( орка ), spring — пружина ( пружина ), spring 2 — весна (6axop), spring - родник ( булок ).
Homophones are words of the same sound form but of different spelling and meaning. For example, air — воздух ( хаво ), him — hymn, heir — наследник ( ворис ), knight — night pail — ведро ( челак ) piece — peace, pale- бледный ( окарган ), write — right, son — сын (y гил ), see — sea, sun — солнце ( куёш ), read — reed, pray — prey.
Homographes are words which are different in sound and in meaning but identical in spelling. For example, lead [li:d], lead [led], tear [tiea] tear [tia], wind [wind] wind [waind], bow [bou] bow [bau].
«We can approach homonyms from a different point of view and classify them into lexical and grammatical homonyms. Lexical homonyms are words of the same part of speech but of quite a different meaning, so that there is no semantic relation between them, For example, piece — булак ( кусок ) peace 2 — тинчлик
( мир ).
Grammatical homonyms are words of different parts of speech: work — иш ( работа ), to work — ишламок ( работать ), light - ёруглик ( свет ) light — енгил ( легко ).
Wide - spread grammatical homonymy constitutes one of the specific features of English words. Grammatical homonyms are extremely numerous in the English language, (M. A. Kashcheyeva and others)
Prof. Smirnitsky has suggested his classification of homonyms based on the lexico-grammatical principle. He distinguished the following types of homonyms:
1) lexical homonyms are those words which belong to one part of speech but they differ only in their lexical meaning. For example, seal n —a sea animal seal n—a design printed on paper, stamp. hair n — hare n , ball n — ball n
2) Lexico-grammatical homonyms are those words which differ in their lexical and grammatical meanings. For example, sea — to see seal n — a sea animal, to seal v— to close tightly, work n — to work u, well adv — well n - колодец ( кудук ). There may be cases when lexico-grammatical homonyms are observed within the same part of speech. For example. The words «found» (past tense of «to finds) and «found» (present tense of «to found») differ both grammatically and lexically.
3) grammatical homonymy is the homonymy of the different wordforms of one and the same word (part of speech). For example, boys — boy's2, asked — Past tense asked 2 -p .II.