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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research 
Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB29010101) 
and the National Natural Science Foundation of China 
(31770175).
Author contributions
H.G. and B.H researched data for the article. Z.- L.S. contrib-
uted substantially to discussion of the content. H.G., B.H. and 
P.Z. wrote the article. Z.- L.S. reviewed and edited the 
manuscript before submission.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Peer review information
Nature Reviews Microbiology
thanks Vincent Munster and 
the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the 
peer review of this work.
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional 
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
©
Springer Nature Limited 2020, corrected publication 2022
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Document Outline

• Characteristics of SARS-​CoV-2 and COVID-19
  • Emergence and spread
  • Genomics, phylogeny and taxonomy
  • Animal host and spillover
  • Receptor use and pathogenesis
  • Clinical and epidemiological features
  • Diagnosis
  • Therapeutics
    • Inhibition of virus entry. 
    • Inhibition of virus replication. 
    • Immunomodulatory agents. 
    • Immunoglobulin therapy. 
  • Vaccines
  • Future perspectives
  • Acknowledgements
  • Fig. 1 Timeline of the key events of the COVID-19 outbreak.
  • Fig. 2 Phylogenetic tree of the full-length genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2, SARSr-CoVs and other betacoronaviruses.
  • Fig. 3 Key differences in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses.
  • Fig. 4 Clinical features of COVID-19.
  • Fig. 5 SARS-CoV-2 replication and potential therapeutic targets.