Chemistry and catalysis advances in organometallic chemistry and catalysis
, 15 , 5969. 40. Wehlan, M.; Thiel, R.; Fuchs, J.; Beck, W.; Fehlhammer, W. P. J. Organomet. Chem. 2000
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14 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF OXAZOLINE/THIAZOLINE-BASED P,N LIGANDS Shuanming Zhang, Roberto Pattacini, and Pierre Braunstein* Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Universit´e de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France 14.1 DEFINITION OF POLYFUNCTIONAL LIGANDS Over the last decades, organometallic chemistry has enjoyed intensive developments in both academic and industrial fields. Among the different facets contributing to such developments, ligand design has become an important part of synthetic chemistry. This is due to the subtle control exerted by the ligands on the geometry and properties of the coordinated metal centers. In particular, ligands possessing significantly different chemical functionalities, such as hard and soft donors (called
can be combined in the same molecule and therefore lead to unprecedented properties for the resulting metal complexes [1]. When the donor ability of these groups is chosen to be very different from each other, an increased discrimination between their interactions with the metal center(s) is anticipated (Scheme 14.2). These functionalities will in turn influence the bonding properties and reactivity of the other ligand(s) bonded to the same metal center, especially for those in trans position. The useful concept hemilability emerged from the study, usually by variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, of the dynamic properties resulting from the reversible coordination of one of the donor groups of hybrid ligands to the metal center [2]. In this chapter, we focus on P,N-chelating ligands and some of their transition metal complexes because their intrinsic properties, immense structural diversity, and broad range of applications attract increasing attention [3]. Such heterofunctional ligands associate hard nitrogen donor(s) with soft phosphorus donor(s) and offer considerable chemical and structural diversity. They may also generate hemilabile systems endowed with enhanced reactivity. 14.2 P,N-CHELATING LIGANDS BASED ON OXAZOLINE/THIAZOLINE SYSTEM Among the diverse N-functional moieties associated with P,N-chelating ligands, the heterocycles oxazoline and thiazoline as well as their substituted derivatives have enjoyed special attention. The P-donor group can be connected through a spacer to the 2-position of the oxazoline ring or to the 4-position, as in the basic subunits shown in Scheme 14.3. By varying the nature of the spacer X, coordination complexes bearing P,N-chelating rings of different size have been synthesized, and some of them exhibit high activities in diverse catalytic processes. In this account, selected examples of such complexes will be presented, with a focus on our own work, and classified according to the size of the chelate ring, with an emphasis on ligands that can form five- or six-membered rings. Advances in Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis: The Silver/Gold Jubilee International Conference on Organometallic Chemistry Celebratory Book, First Edition. Edited by Armando J. L. Pombeiro. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
186 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF OXAZOLINE/THIAZOLINE-BASED P,N LIGANDS (a) (b)
spacer D D Z Z D Z Homofunctional ligands Hybrid ligand Scheme 14.1 Homofunctional bidentate ligands (a) and mixed donor or hybrid ligands (b). M Z
M Z D Scheme 14.2 Hemilabile behavior of a hybrid ligand. E N
P E N P X E = O,S X = spacer group Scheme 14.3 14.2.1 Five-Membered Chelating Ring Systems Basic subunits present in the ligands that can form five-membered chelates on metal coordination are shown in Scheme 14.4. We will focus on the coordination behavior of structurally characterized metal complexes and briefly mention their applications in catalysis. Ligands containing a type A subunit are common in the literature, and significant examples are shown in Scheme 14.5. They include the ligands 1 [4], 2 and 3 [5], with a nonsubstituted heterocycle, and ligands 4 [6], 5 [7], 6 [8], and 7–9 [10], in which the heterocycle carries at least one substituent. Only few ligands containing a type B subunit have been reported, as illustrated with 9 (Scheme 14.5) [11]. Ligands 1, 3, 4, and 5 are used here as representative candidates to explore the chelating behavior of the ligands in complexes containing a five-membered chelate ring. In the course of attempts to prepare [NiCl 2 (1)], the unexpected, green tetranuclear complex [NiCl 2 (1)] 4 was isolated and structurally characterized. Its Ni 4 Cl
core is unprecedented and its geometry is new for any combination of transition metals with halogens. No other complex with a M 4 X
(X = halogen) stoichiometry appears to have been reported for group 10 metals. This complex in the solid state undergoes an irreversible E = O, S
G = C, N E N G P E N P G A B
P,N-CHELATING LIGANDS BASED ON OXAZOLINE/THIAZOLINE SYSTEM 187 O N P t Bu R E N PPh
2 H O N PR 1 2 R 2 S N HN PPh 2 O N R 2 R 1 2 P O N P Ph Ph Ph O N P O N Ph R R R R O N PPh
2 R 2 R 1 O N PR 2 5 4 3 2 1 9 8 7 6 E = O, S
Scheme 14.5 PPh
2 O N Ni Cl Cl N P Ni Cl Cl Cl P N Ni Cl N P Ni Cl Cl Cl P N Ni Cl N P pressure
N P = 4 PPh
2 S N RT Scheme 14.6 pressure-induced fragmentation into the corresponding monochelated red Ni(II) complexes [NiCl 2 (1)] (Scheme 14.6) [4c]. Redissolution of the latter restores the equilibrium between the mono- and tetranuclear species. The latter can be obtained again on slow crystallization from CH 2 Cl
. It was also found that the tetranuclear form was more stabilized in the case of PN th than PN oxal
. Bis-chelate complexes have also been obtained with ligand 1, as illustrated with [RuCl 2 (1) 2 ] [41]. In the octahedral complexes of formula [NiCl 2 (1) 2 ], two isomers were structurally characterized (Scheme 14.7): the all-trans (left) and the all-cis products (right) that were obtained from CH 2 Cl 2 and CHCl
3 , respectively. They can interconvert into each other on dissolution in the appropriate solvent and evaporation [4a]. Although ligand 1 (E = O) generally behaves as a P,N-chelate, rare examples of bridging behavior have been structurally characterized in the homo- and heteronuclear complexes [CoCl 2 (
2 [4e], [(OC) 4 Fe(
μ-1) 2 CoCl 2 ] [4h], and [(OC) 3 Fe(
μ- 1) 2 Cu]BF 4 [8d], respectively. Very recently, a heterodinuclear Pd/Co complex was prepared by reaction of [CoCl 2 (
2 with [PdCl 2 (1)] (Scheme 14.8) [4a]. N O Ph 2 P Ni N O P Ph 2 Cl Cl all-trans O N Ph 2 P N O PPh 2 Ni Cl Cl all-cis CHCl
3 CH 2 Cl 2
188 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF OXAZOLINE/THIAZOLINE-BASED P,N LIGANDS N O
2 P Pd Cl N O PPh 2 Co Cl Cl Cl + −
O N
2 P O N PPh
2 Pt Cl Pt CH 2 Ph BF 4 CH 2 Ph Scheme 14.9 A single chloride-bridged dinuclear Pt(II) complex bearing a benzyl ligand and a chelating ligand 1 on each platinum was structurally characterized (Scheme 14.9) [4g], and several dinuclear Ni(II) complexes based on ligand 4 (R 1 = Ph, R 2 = Ph) and 5 (R 1 = H, R
2 = H and R 1 = H, R
2 = Me, respectively) containing two chloride bridges were obtained (Scheme 14.10) [7b]. The NH function in 3 facilitates ligand deprotonation when compared to the related P-CH 2 systems, and reaction of the corresponding anionic ligand with a Pt(II) precursor afforded the bis-chelated complex [Pt(P,N-3 –H ) 2 ] [5], which could be used as a metalloligand for further coordination with coinage metal ions. The reaction of [Pt(P,N-3 −H ) 2 ] with Ag + or Cu
+ in a 1 : 1 ratio gave rise to bimetallic coordination polymers [5b, 5d], while the reaction with AuCl in a 1 : 2 ratio led to a stable heterotrinuclear complex (Scheme 14.11) [5c]. The nucleophilicity of this electron-rich nitrogen atom was also investigated by the reaction of [Pt(P,N-3 –H )
] with organic electrophiles such as a isothiocyanate, EtN =C=S. The incorporation of one molecule of EtN =C=S and decoordination of the nitrogen atom of one anionic chelate led to a P,S-chelating ligand, resulting in a five-membered chelate containing five different chemical elements: Pt, P, N, C, and S (Scheme 14.12) [5b]. Both the P,N-chelating ligand 3 and a six-membered ring were found in a Ni(II) complex (Scheme 14.13). The new P,P-chelating ligand is formed during the reaction of ligand 3 with NiBr 2 ·xH 2 O as a result of rearrangement of two ligands 3. It is noteworthy that water plays a key role as a reaction promoter. O N Ph 2 P Ph Ni O N P Ph 2 Ph Ni X X X X X = Br, Cl O N
2 P Ni O N P Ph 2 Ni X X X X X = Br, Cl O N
2 P Ni O N P Ph 2 Ni X X X X X = Cl
Scheme 14.10 S N N Ph 2 P Pt S N N Ph 2 P S N N Ph 2 P Pt S N N Ph 2 P Au Cl Au Cl S N N Ph 2 P Pt S N N Ph 2 P M Pt(P,N-3 -H ) 2 M + M = Ag, Cu 2 AuCl
Scheme 14.11 P,N-CHELATING LIGANDS BASED ON OXAZOLINE/THIAZOLINE SYSTEM 189 S N N Ph 2 P N S N Ph 2 P Pt C NEt S
Ni Br
S HN Ph 2 P N S N Ph 2 P PPh 2 Scheme 14.13 Among the complexes with a five-membered chelate ring, some were applied in catalytic processes, such as asymmetric hydrogenation [6d, 9, 11c], asymmetric isomerization of primary allylic alcohols [9a, 11a], transfer hydrogenation [1, 4i, 7c, 8e], copolymerization of ethylene/CO [4j], ethylene oligomerization [4e, 7a, 7b, 8d], and asymmetric allylation [6e, 11d, 11e].
Numerous complexes possess P,N-chelating ligands that form six-membered ring systems. Depending on the relative position of the phosphorus (including phosphines, phosphinites, and aminophosphines) and oxazoline/thiazoline donor groups, four types of subunits can be considered (Scheme 14.14). Ligands containing a type C subunit are shown in Scheme 14.15 and include 10 [12], and 11 [13], and 12 [14], 13 [15],
bis-chelated structures have been characterized. It is noteworthy that ligands 10, 11, and 13 have allowed full characterization of Pd(II) complexes containing a η 1 -allyl ligand (Scheme 14.16) [13c, 13d, 15]. This still rare bonding mode for the allyl ligand in palladium chemistry facilitates, for example, CO insertion into the Pd–C bond σ -bond, compared to the common η 3 -allyl Pd(II) complexes. In the three corresponding crystal structures (Scheme 14.16), the η 1 -allyl ligand occupies a trans position with respect to the nitrogen donor of the oxazoline ring. E N
P B E N P A B E = O, S
A, B = C, N, O C D E F A N E P E N A P Scheme 14.14 190 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY OF OXAZOLINE/THIAZOLINE-BASED P,N LIGANDS O N
P O O O O O O = O O O O Ar Ar Ar Ar R O N O P N N R N N R 1 R 1 R 2 R 2 O N O PR 2 R' O N PR 2 R' O N O O N O P Ph O N R O O N R O P Ph O N R R O PPh 2 O N O P O O O N N =
12 11 10 17 16 15 14 Scheme 14.15 O N O O N O PhP
Pd O N O P O Cl Pd Cl O N O Ph 2 P Pd Cl
With ligands 10 (R = H), Ni(II) complexes of formula [NiCl 2 (10)] were prepared and investigated for ethylene and propylene oligomerization catalysis and revealed interesting structural transformations [21]. The mononuclear complex was found in equilibrium with the dinuclear, chloride-bridged structure and could be isolated on crystallization below 253 K. Conversely, the latter regenerates the mononuclear form at room temperature, either in solution or in the solid state (Scheme 14.17). O N
Ph 2 P Ni Cl Cl red green
Ni Cl Cl Ni Cl Cl O N O Ph 2 P O N O P Ph 2 recrystallization T < 253 K room temp., in solution or in the solid-state Scheme 14.17 P,N-CHELATING LIGANDS BASED ON OXAZOLINE/THIAZOLINE SYSTEM 191 Some of the chiral ligands shown in Scheme 14.15 were successfully employed in diverse asymmetric syntheses [15–20], in particular the air-stable ligands of type 17, which have been prepared in high yield using simple purification techniques suitable for large-scale preparation. Their iridium complexes show excellent activities and enantioselectivities in the hydrogenation of olefins, including functionalized olefins, and the results obtained in the synthesis of (R)-( +)-7-
demethyl-2-methoxycalamenene are superior with regard to the number of steps, overall yield, and purification of the intermediates [18]. Ligands containing a type D subunit have been intensively developed. In particular, the phosphinooxazolines 18 (Scheme 14.18) form iridium complexes that are excellent catalysts for enantioselective hydrogenation [3]. The first- generation PHOX ligands bearing a flat ortho-phenylene tether were introduced by Pfaltz, Helmchen, and Williams [22]. There are three crucial features of Pfaltz’s catalyst [23]: (i) simple synthetic procedure, purification, and high stability; (ii) easy formation of suitable crystals for X-ray diffraction analysis, which allows full characterization and helps in mechanistic studies [24]; and (iii) the high reactivity and enantioselectivity observed in the hydrogenation of imines and nonfunctionalized olefins [3]. On the basis of the results with systems of type 18, the introduction of additional elements of chirality into the ligand backbone allowed remarkable improvements of the enantioselective properties of the corresponding catalysts for a number of transformations. Such ligands contain ferrocenyl 19 (Scheme 14.18) [25], 2-aza-norbonanyl 20–22 [26], pyrolyl 23 [27], indolinyl 24 [28], prolinyl 25 [29], tetrahydroisoquinolinyl 26 [30], apobornenyl 27 [31], cyclopropyl 28 [32], and thiophene
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