Classroom Companion: Business

Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Telecommunications
Information Technology
World Wide Web (1993) 
Mosaic (1993)
Twitter (2006)
YouTube (2005)
Facebook (2004)
Skype (2003)
Wikipedia (2001)
Google Search (1998)
Netflix (1998) 
iPhone (2007)
Android (2007)
Snapchat (2011)
Bitcoin (2009)
Uber (2009)
Airbnb (2008)
Spotify (2008)
Dropbox (2007)
WiFi (1997)
Bluetooth (1997)
4G (2009)
IoT (2009)
Transistor radio
(1954)
Microprocessor
(1971)
Ethernet (1974)
TCP/IP (1974)
Nordic Mobile
Telephone
(1981) 
GSM (1991)
PC (1977)
SMTP (1982)
Optical Fiber
(1965)
Notation
Hardware (bold)
Mobile/wireless (underlined)
Software/services (italic)
3G (2003)
MS-DOS (1981)
5G (2018)
Laptop (1985)
Amazon.com (1997)
Microsoft Windows 95 (1995)
. Fig. 2.1 Timeline of ICT innovations. (Authors’ own figure)
 
Chapter 2 ·
Information and Communication Technologies

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2
graphical web browser which contributed to popularizing the WWW and, conse-
quently, the Internet itself. Mosaic was later followed by Netscape, Internet 
Explorer, and Google Chrome.
The Internet is a global system for interconnected computer networks based on 
technologies and protocols such as Ethernet (1974) and TCP/IP (1974), allowing 
data to be transferred between two or more computers. The TCP/IP protocol suite 
was developed and tested as a part of the ARPANET project financed by the US 
Department of Defense but is now the worldwide open standard for data transmis-
sion on the Internet (see 
7
Box 
2.2
).
. Fig. 2.2 The ARPANET in 1974. Note that the first node outside the US was at Kjeller 
in Norway. (Public domain, source: 
7
https://commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File:Arpanet_ 
1974. svg
)